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テキサス州フォートワース生まれ。1948年にカリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校を卒業後、1951年に同大学で博士号を取得。その後、アメリカ海軍兵士として朝鮮戦争に従軍。統合参謀本部勤務、ハーヴァード大学歴史学部助教授を経て、1963年から同大学教授に就任。

マサチューセッツ州ケンブリッジにて80歳で死去。

• The World War and American Isolation 1914-1917, (Harvard University Press, 1959).
• American Intervention: 1917 and 1941, (Service Center for Teachers of History, 1960).
• Imperial Democracy: the Emergence of America as a Great Power, (Harcourt, 1961).
• ''The Life History of the United States, vol. 9: the Progressive Era, (Time, 1964).

有賀貞訳『Life合衆国の歴史（9）革新の時代 1901年-1917年』（時事通信社, 1966年）

• The Life History of the United States, vol. 10, 1917-1932: War, Boom and Bust, (Time, 1964).

本間長世訳『Life合衆国の歴史（10）戦争・繁栄・恐慌 1917年-1932年』（時事通信社, 1966年）

• American Imperialism: A Speculative Essay, (Atheneum, 1968).
• "Lessons" of the Past: the Use and Misuse of History in American Foreign Policy, (Oxford University Press, 1975).

進藤榮一訳『歴史の教訓――戦後アメリカ外交分析』（中央公論社, 1977年／岩波書店［岩波現代文庫］, 2004年）

• The Truman Administration and China, 1945-1949, (Lippincott, 1975).
• The Making of the Monroe Doctrine, (Harvard University Press, 1975).
• Strange Victory: Hitler's Conquest of France, (I. B. Tauris, 2000).

• A History of the United States, with John W. Caughey, (Rand McNally, 1964).
• Careers for Humanists, with Dorothy G. Blaney, (Academic Press, 1981).
• Thinking in Time: the Uses of History for Decision-Makers, with Richard E. Neustadt, (Free Press, 1986).

臼井久和・斎藤元秀・滝田賢治・阿部松盛訳『ハーバード流歴史活用法――政策決定の成功と失敗』（三嶺書房, 1996年）

• The Ultimate Decision: the President as Commander in Chief, (George Braziller, 1960).
• The American Foreign Policy, (George Braziller, 1963).

中屋健一監訳『アメリカの外交』（東京大学出版会, 1966年）

• The Coming of War, 1917, (Rand McNally, 1963).
• Anxiety and Affluence: 1945-1965, (McGraw-Hill, 1966).
• Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars, (Princeton University Press, 1984).
• American Cold War Strategy: Interpreting NSC 68, (St. Martin's Press, 1993).

• American-East Asian Relations: A Survey, co-edited with James C. Thomson Jr., (Harvard University Press, 1972).
• Campaign '72: the Managers Speak, co-edited with Janet Fraser, (Harvard University Press, 1973).
• America's China Trade in Historical Perspective: the Chinese and American Performance, co-edited with John K. Fairbank, (Harvard University Press, 1986).
• U. S. Intelligence at the Crossroads: Agendas for Reform, co-edited with Roy Godson and Gary Schmitt, (Brassey's, 1995).
• The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House during the Cuban Mssile Crisis co-edited with Philip Zelikow (Harvard University Press, 1997).
• The Dumbarton Oaks Conversations and the United Nations, 1944-1994, co-edited with Angeliki E. Laiou, (Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1998).
• Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb: Nuclear Diplomacy since 1945, co-edited with Philip H. Gordon, John Lewis Gaddis and Jonathan Rosenberg, (Oxford University Press, 1999).
• John F. Kennedy: the Great Crises, co-edited with Philip Zelikow, (Norton, 2001).
• Dealing with dictators: dilemmas of U.S. diplomacy and intelligence analysis, 1945-1990 edited by Ernest R. May and Philip D. Zelikow, MIT Press, 2006.
• Lyndon B. Johnson: toward the great societ, edited by Ernest May and Timothy Naftali, W. W. Norton, 2007.
• History and neorealism, edited by Ernest R. May, Richard Rosecrance and Zara Steiner, Cambridge University Press, 2010.