12th century in philosophy

c. 1114 – The School of Chartres flourishes as a center of Platonism and natural philosophy under masters like Bernard of Chartres and William of Conches.^[2]

1122 – The Concordat of Worms resolves the Investiture Controversy, distinguishing spiritual and temporal authority and influencing philosophical debates on church-state relations.^[3]

Mid-12th century – The Latin translation movement peaks, with key works of Aristotle, Avicenna, and Averroes translated in Toledo and Sicily, revitalizing Western philosophy.^[4]

1141 – At the Council of Sens, Peter Abelard's theological writings are condemned for heresy by Bernard of Clairvaux, highlighting tensions between dialectic and orthodoxy.^[5]

c. 1150 – The University of Paris emerges as a major center for philosophy and theology, fostering scholastic methods.^[6]

c. 1167 – The University of Oxford emerges, becoming another hub for philosophical inquiry in England.^[4]

• The Incoherence of the Incoherence, the landmark harmonization of philosophy and faith by Averroes
• Sic et Non, Peter Abelard's scholastic study of apparent contradictions in Christian theology

• Al-Ghazali (1058–1111), Persian theologian and philosopher who critiqued philosophy in The Incoherence of the Philosophers.
• Gilbert of Poitiers (c. 1080–1154), French scholastic philosopher known for his metaphysical commentaries on Boethius.
• William of Conches (c. 1090–1154), French natural philosopher and Platonist associated with the School of Chartres.
• Ibn Tufayl (c. 1105–1185), Andalusian polymath and author of Hayy ibn Yaqdhan.
• Averroes (1126–1198), Andalusian polymath and Aristotelian commentator.
• Zhu Xi (1130–1200), Chinese Neo-Confucian philosopher of the Song dynasty.
• Maimonides (1135 or 1138–1204), Sephardic Jewish philosopher, astronomer, and physician.

• Al-Ghazali (1058–1111), Persian polymath whose works bridged Sufism and philosophy.^[7]
• Peter Abelard (1079–1142), French scholastic philosopher, theologian, and logician.^[5]
• Gilbert of Poitiers (c. 1080–1154), French philosopher and Bishop of Poitiers.
• William of Conches (c. 1090–after 1155), French natural philosopher.
• Ibn Tufayl (c. 1105–1185), Andalusian philosopher and physician.
• Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179), German Benedictine abbess, visionary mystic, and polymath.^[8]
• Averroes (1126–1198), Andalusian polymath.

• 12th-century Renaissance
• Medieval philosophy
• List of centuries in philosophy