16 Word Guideline
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The 16 Word Guideline, or the 16-letter Principle (Chinese: åå åæ¹é; Vietnamese: PhÆ°Æ¡ng châm 16 chữ) is a set of diplomatic principles acknowledged between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1999 as the two countries sought to improve their strained relations after the Cambodian-Vietnamese War and the subsequent Sino-Vietnamese War.
These principles, said to be "guiding the development of bilateral relations in the new century", were jointly set by the highest leaders from both countries' ruling communist parties: Lê Khả Phiêu, Vietnamese Communist Party's general secretary and Jiang Zemin, Chinese Communist Party's general secretary.[1][2][3]
Contents
The contents of the "16 words" are disputed among various sources. However, there are two distinct versions of this informal guideline that are widely known: a Chinese version and a Vietnamese version.
The Chinese version, often cited by high-ranking Chinese officials in many official visits between the two countries and is believed to be the original version proposed by the Chinese prior to the 1999 meeting, is as follows:[4][5][6]
| Chinese | Sino-Vietnamese | English |
|---|---|---|
| 山水ç¸é£ | SÆ¡n thủy tÆ°Æ¡ng liên, | Our borders interlinked, |
| çæ³ç¸é | Lý tÆ°á»ng tÆ°Æ¡ng thông, | Ideals interconnected, |
| æåç¸å | VÄn hóa tÆ°Æ¡ng Äá»ng, | Cultures interwoven, |
| éå½ç¸é | Váºn má»nh tÆ°Æ¡ng quan. | And our fates intertwined. |
The Vietnamese version, said to be the adaptation of the aforementioned version and commonly cited in Vietnamese state-run media during high-level visits between Vietnam and China, is as follows:[7][8][9][10][11]
| Vietnamese | Chinese | Sino-Vietnamese | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Láng giá»ng hữu nghá», | ç¦é»å好 | Mục lân hữu hảo, | Friendly neighbourliness, |
| Hợp tác toà n diá»n, | å ¨é¢åä½ | Toà n diá»n hợp tác, | Comprehensive cooperation, |
| á»n Äá»nh lâu dà i, | é¿æç¨³å® | TrÆ°á»ng kỳ á»n Äá»nh, | Long-term stability, |
| HÆ°á»ng tá»i tÆ°Æ¡ng lai. | é¢åæªæ¥ | Diá»n hÆ°á»ng vá» lai. | Future-oriented thinking. |
Controversies
The 16 Word Guideline is often the subject of controversies and public discourse in Vietnam, especially during important diplomatic events between Vietnam and China.[12][13] Government critics view the principle, among other agreements with China during the normalization of relations between the two countries, as a concession to China. This view is said to stem from anti-communist sentiments as well as deep-rooted wariness since the people of Vietnam has been at constant war with China for millennia and because of territorial disputes regarding Paracel and Spratly.[1]