1813 in Germany
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Incumbents
Kingdoms
- Kingdom of Prussia
- Monarch â Frederick William III (16 November 1797 â 7 June 1840)[1]
- Kingdom of Bavaria
- Maximilian I (1 January 1806 â 13 October 1825)
- Kingdom of Saxony
- Frederick Augustus I (20 December 1806 â 5 May 1827)
- Kingdom of Württemberg
- Frederick I (22 December 1797 â 30 October 1816)
Grand Duchies
- Grand Duke of Baden
- Grand Duke of Hesse
- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Frederick Francis Iâ (24 April 1785 â 1 February 1837)[3]
- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Charles II (2 June 1794 â 6 November 1816)[4]
- Grand Duke of Oldenburg
- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- Karl August (1809â1815)
Principalities
- Schaumburg-Lippe
- George William (13 February 1787 - 1860)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Friedrich Günther (28 April 1807 - 28 June 1867)[6]
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
- Günther Friedrich Karl I (14 October 1794 - 19 August 1835)
- Principality of Lippe
- Leopold II (5 November 1802 - 1 January 1851)[7]
- Principality of Reuss-Greiz
- Heinrich XIII (28 June 1800-29 January 1817)
- Waldeck and Pyrmont
Duchies
- Duke of Anhalt-Dessau
- Leopold III (16 December 1751 â 9 August 1817)[8]
- Duke of Brunswick
- Frederick William (16 October 1806 â 16 June 1815)[9]
- Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
- Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1780â1826) - Frederick[3]
- Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
- Bernhard II (24 December 1803â20 September 1866)[11]
- Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
- Frederick Charles Louis (24 February 1775 â 25 March 1816)[12]
Events
- 9 February â Prussia abolishes the canton system and establishes universal conscription.
- 28 February â Napoleonic Wars: Treaty of Kalisch â Prussia and Russia sign alliance against France
- 4 March â The French garrison evacuates Berlin, leaving Russian troops able to reach and take the city without a fight.
- 14 March â Mecklenburg-Schwerin joins the coalition
- 17 March â Prussia declares war on France, establishes Landwehr and introduces the Iron Cross military award (backdated to 10 March) and issues An Mein Volk proclamation
- 18 March â Russian Cossacks capture Hamburg
- 5 April â Battle of Möckern: Prusso-Russian victory over France
- 20 April â Saxony signs treaty of armed neutrality with Austria
- 21 April â Frederick William III of Prussia establishes the Landsturm
- 25 April â Bavaria announces its neutrality
- 27 April â French garrison of Spandau capitulates
- 2 May â Battle of Lützen â Napoleon wins against the German alliance.
- 20/21 May â Battle of Bautzen â French victory over the coalition
- 26 May â Battle of Haynau â Prussian victory against France
- 31 May â French troops retake Hamburg
- 4 June â Battle of Luckau â Coalition victory
- 4 June â Truce of Pläswitz begins between France, Prussia and Russia
- 14/15/27 June â Treaties of Reichenbach â between Great Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria
- 12 July â Trachenberg Plan adopted by the Allies
- 11 August â Austria declares war on France
- 16 August â The truce ends
- 23 August â Battle of GroÃbeeren: Napoleon is defeated by Prussia and Sweden.
- 26 August â Battle of the Katzbach: Napoleon's troops are defeated by Prussia and Russia.
- 26â27 August â Battle of Dresden: Napoleon's troops are victorious.
- 27 August â Battle of Hagelberg: Prusso-Russian victory
- 29â30 August â First Battle of Kulm: French Marshal Vandamme is defeated and captured, by allied Coalition forces from Russia, Prussia and Austria.
- 4 September: In the gaming records of Hans Carl Leopold von der Gabelentz the name of Germany's national card game, "Scat" (now Skat, appears for the time.
- 6 September â Battle of Dennewitz: The armies of Napoleon are defeated by Prussia and Russia.
- 9 September â Treaty of Töplitz â between Prussia, Austria and Russia
- 17 September â Second Battle of Kulm: The Allied Coalition is victorious; Napoleon is forced to halt his advance on Teplitz.
- 18 September â Battle of the Göhrde â Coalition victory
- 28 September â Battle of Altenburg â Coalition victory
- 29 September â Combat of RoÃlau â Coalition victory
- 3 October â Battle of Wartenburg â Prussian victory
- 8 October â Treaty of Ried â Bavaria allies with the Coalition against France
- 14 October â Bavaria declares war on France
- 16â19 October â Battle of Leipzig: Napoleon is defeated by the forces of the Sixth Coalition. More than 600,000 troops are in the field, with well over 20% killed, wounded or missing. Many of the German states forming the Confederation of the Rhine defect from Napoleon to the Coalition, as a result of the battle.
- 26 October â King Jérôme leaves Kassel, effectively dissolving the Kingdom of Westphalia
- 30â31 October â Battle of Hanau: Napoleon defeats Bavarian-Austrian force.
- 2 November â Treaty of Fulda â Württemberg joins the Coalition
- 11 November â French garrison of Dresden capitulates
- 20 November â Baden joins the coalition
- 21 November â William I enters Kassel and is restored as Elector of Hesse
- 23 November â Hesse-Darmstadt and Nassau join the coalition
- 7 December â Battle of Bornhöved
- 8 December â Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, together with his Wellington's Victory, are premiered in Vienna under the composer's baton, in a benefit concert for Austrian and Bavarian soldiers wounded at the Battle of Hanau.
- 10 December â Battle of Sehested
- 31 December â Blücher's Army of Silesia crosses the Rhine
Births
- 11 February â Otto Ludwig, German writer (d. 1865)
- 18 March â Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German poet, playwright (d. 1863)
- 1 April â Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg, German mineralogist (d. 1899)
- 22 May â Richard Wagner, German composer (d. 1883)
- 17 October â Georg Büchner, German playwright (d. 1837)
Deaths
- 20 January âChristoph Martin Wieland, German writer (b. 1733)
- 3 April â Friederike Brion, first great love of Johann Wolfgang Goethe (b. 1752)
- 28 June âGerhard von Scharnhorst, Prussian general (b. 1755)
- 26 August â Theodor Körner, German author, soldier (b. 1791)