1869

1869 (MDCCCLXIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1869th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 869th year of the 2nd millennium, the 69th year of the 19th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1869, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Quick facts

1869 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1869 MDCCCLXIX
Ab urbe condita	2622
Armenian calendar	1318 ԹՎ ՌՅԺԸ
Assyrian calendar	6619
Baháʼí calendar	25–26
Balinese saka calendar	1790–1791
Bengali calendar	1275–1276
Berber calendar	2819
British Regnal year	32 Vict. 1 – 33 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar	2413
Burmese calendar	1231
Byzantine calendar	7377–7378
Chinese calendar	戊辰年 (Earth Dragon) 4566 or 4359 — to — 己巳年 (Earth Snake) 4567 or 4360
Coptic calendar	1585–1586
Discordian calendar	3035
Ethiopian calendar	1861–1862
Hebrew calendar	5629–5630
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1925–1926
- Shaka Samvat	1790–1791
- Kali Yuga	4969–4970
Holocene calendar	11869
Igbo calendar	869–870
Iranian calendar	1247–1248
Islamic calendar	1285–1286
Japanese calendar	Meiji 2 (明治２年)
Javanese calendar	1797–1798
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4202
Minguo calendar	43 before ROC 民前43年
Nanakshahi calendar	401
Thai solar calendar	2411–2412
Tibetan calendar	ས་ཕོ་འབྲུག་ལོ་ (male Earth-Dragon) 1995 or 1614 or 842 — to — ས་མོ་སྦྲུལ་ལོ་ (female Earth-Snake) 1996 or 1615 or 843

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Events

January

January 3 – Abdur Rahman Khan is defeated at Tinah Khan, and exiled from Afghanistan.^[1]
January 5 – Scotland's second oldest professional football team, Kilmarnock F.C., is founded.
January 20 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton is the first woman to testify before the United States Congress.
January 21 – The P.E.O. Sisterhood, a philanthropic educational organization for women, is founded at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa.
January 27 – The Republic of Ezo is proclaimed on the northern Japanese island of Ezo (which will be renamed Hokkaidō on September 20) by remaining adherents to the Tokugawa shogunate.

February

February 5 – Prospectors in Moliagul, Victoria, Australia, discover the largest alluvial gold nugget ever found, known as the "Welcome Stranger".
February 20 – Ranavalona II, the Merina Queen of Madagascar, is baptized.
February 25 – The Iron and Steel Institute is formed in London.
February 26 – Mahbub Ali Khan, 2½, begins a 42-year reign as Nizam of Hyderabad.

March

March 1
- The North German Confederation issues 10gr and 30gr value stamps, printed on goldbeater's skin.
- (O. S. February 17) – Dmitri Mendeleev finishes his design of the first periodic table and sends it for publishing.
March 18 (O. S. March 6) – Dmitri Mendeleev makes a formal presentation of his periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society.
March 24 – Tītokowaru's War ends with the surrender of the last Māori troops at large, in the South Taranaki District of New Zealand's North Island.^[2]
March – In Japan, the daimyōs of the Tosa, Hizen, Satsuma and Chōshū Domains are persuaded to return their domains to the Emperor Meiji, leading to creation of a fully centralized government in the country.^[3]

April

April 6 – The American Museum of Natural History is founded in New York.
April 17 – The State of Morelos is created in Mexico.

May

May 4–10 – Naval Battle of Hakodate: The Imperial Japanese Navy defeats adherents of the Tokugawa shogunate.
May 6 – Purdue University is founded in West Lafayette, Indiana.
May 10 – The first transcontinental railroad in North America is completed at Promontory, Utah, by the driving of the "golden spike".^[4]
May 10 – The First transcontinental railroad in North America is completed
May 15 – Women's suffrage: In New York, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton form the National Woman Suffrage Association.
May 18 – One day after surrendering at the land Battle of Hakodate (begun 4 December 1868), Enomoto Takeaki turns over Goryōkaku to Japanese forces, signaling the collapse of the Republic of Ezo.
May 22 – Sainsbury's first store, in Drury Lane, London, is opened.^[5]
May 24 – John Wesley Powell departs Green River, Wyoming, with a company of nine other men, on a trip down the Green and Colorado Rivers.
May 26 – Boston University is chartered by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
May – In elections in France, the opposition, consisting of republicans, monarchists and liberals, polls almost 45% of the vote.

June

June 1 – The Cincinnati Red Stockings open the baseball season as the first fully professional team.
June 2 – Sherwood College is founded in Nainital, India.
June 15 – John Wesley Hyatt patents celluloid in Albany, New York.
June 27 – The fortress of Goryōkaku is turned over to Imperial Japanese forces, bringing an end to the Republic of Ezo, the Battle of Hakodate and the Boshin War, the military phase of the Meiji Restoration.
June 30–July 2 – The first Estonian Song Festival takes place in Tartu.

July

July 10 – Gävle, Sweden, is destroyed in a city fire; 8,000 people become homeless.
July 15 – Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès files a patent for margarine in France.
July 20
- The Innocents Abroad, by Mark Twain, goes on sale after printing by the American Publishing Company. It becomes Twain's bestselling work during his lifetime.^[6]
- Children's Hospital Boston is founded by Dr. Francis Henry Brown and other Harvard Medical School graduates, as a 20-bed facility in the South End of Boston, Massachusetts.^[7]
July 26 – The Irish Church Act 1869 is given royal assent by Queen Victoria, disestablishing the Church of Ireland effective January 1, 1871.

August

August 9 – August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht found the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP).
August 27 – The University of Oxford wins the first international boat race held on the River Thames, against Harvard University.^[8]
August 31 – Irish scientist Mary Ward is killed by a steam car.

September

September 5 – The foundation stone is laid for Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria (southern Germany).
September 11 – Work on the Wallace Monument is completed in Stirling, Scotland.
September 12–13 – P&O's SS Carnatic runs aground and sinks in the Red Sea; 31 drown.
September 24 – Black Friday: The James Fisk–Jay Gould Scandal causes a financial panic in the United States.

October

October 11
- The Red River Rebellion breaks out against British forces in Canada.^[9]
- Gamma Sigma becomes the first high school fraternity in North America at Brockport Normal School, Brockport, New York.
October 16 – England's first residential university-level women's college, the College for Women (predecessor of Girton College, Cambridge), is founded at Hitchin, by Emily Davies and Barbara Bodichon.
October – The 'Edinburgh Seven', led by Sophia Jex-Blake, start to attend lectures at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, the first women in the United Kingdom to do so (although they will not be allowed to take degrees).^[10]

November

November 4 – The first issue of the scientific journal Nature is published in London, edited by Norman Lockyer.
November 6 – The first game of American football between two American colleges is played. Rutgers University defeats Princeton University 6–4, in a forerunner to American football and College football.
November 17 – In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.
November 19 – The Hudson's Bay Company surrenders its claim to Rupert's Land in Canada, under its letters patent, back to the British Crown.^[9]
November 23 – In Dumbarton, Scotland, the clipper ship Cutty Sark is launched (it is one of the last clippers built, and the only one to survive in the United Kingdom).^[8]

December

December 7 – American outlaw Jesse James commits his first confirmed bank robbery, in Gallatin, Missouri.
December 8 – The First Vatican Council opens in Rome.^[11]
December 10
- Women's suffrage: The Wyoming territorial legislature gives women the right to vote, the first such law in the world.
- The first American chapter of Kappa Sigma is founded at the University of Virginia.
December 31 – Paraguayan War: Triple Alliance forces take Asunción.
December – Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace is published in complete book form, in Russia.

Date unknown

The investment bank Goldman Sachs is founded in New York.
The capital of the Isle of Man moves from Castletown to Douglas.
Arabella Mansfield became the first woman in the United States awarded a license to practice law, at Mount Pleasant, Iowa.
James Gordon Bennett Jr. of the New York Herald asks Henry Morton Stanley to find Dr. David Livingstone.
The Co-operative Central Board (later Co-operatives UK) is founded in Manchester, England.
Friedrich Miescher purifies nuclein, which was then identified as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
The Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts is founded in Great Britain.
French missionary and naturalist Père Armand David receives the skin of a giant panda from a hunter, the first time this species becomes known to a Westerner;^[12] he also first describes a specimen of the "pocket handkerchief tree", which will be named in his honor as Davidia involucrata.
New Zealand's first university, the University of Otago, is founded.^[13]
Thomas Henry Huxley coins the word "Agnostic".^[14]
Campbell Soup Company is founded in New Jersey, United States.^[15]
Heinz, as predecessor of Kraft Heinz, a worldwide food processing and cheese brand, founded in Pennsylvania, United States.^[16]
St. Ignatius College Prep in Chicago is founded, and construction on the school's main building began. It is one of only five buildings that survived the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The building was designed by the Canadian architect Toussaint Menard in the Second Empire architecture style.
The Timișoara horse-drawn railway, opened in 1869.