1881 Spanish general election

Date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier.^[8] The previous elections were held on 20 April 1879 for the Congress and on 3 May 1879 for the Senate, which meant that the chambers' terms would have expired on 20 April and 3 May 1884, respectively.

The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.^[9] There was no constitutional requirement for concurrent elections to the Congress and the Senate, nor for the elective part of the Senate to be renewed in its entirety except in the case that a full dissolution was agreed by the monarch. Still, there was only one case of a separate election (for the Senate in 1877) and no half-Senate elections taking place under the 1876 Constitution.

The Cortes were officially dissolved on 25 June 1881, with the corresponding decree setting election day for 21 August (Congress) and 2 September 1881 (Senate) and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 20 September.^[10]

Electoral system

Voting for the Congress of Deputies was based on censitary suffrage, comprising Spanish national males over 25 years of age who met either of the following:^{[11][12][13][14]}

• Being taxpayers with a minimum quota of Pts 25 in property taxes (paid one year in advance) or Pts 50 in corporate taxes (paid two years in advance);
• Holding specific positions (such as full academics in the royal academies, cathedral chapter members and parish priests, active public employees with a salary of Pts 2,000, retired public employees, general officers, awarded painters or sculptors, senior court officials and certified teachers);
• Having two years of residence in a Spanish municipality while proving a professional qualification.

In the Spanish West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) the taxpayer requirement was higher (Pts 125, or $25), while former Cuban slaves were barred from voting until three years after becoming freedmen.^[15][16][17] In the Basque Provinces and Navarre—where taxes were not paid directly—voters had instead to prove wealth equivalent to an income of Pts 4,800; or Pts 2,400 in real estate, crops or livestock.^[18] Additional restrictions excluded those deprived of political rights or barred from public office by a final sentence, criminally imprisoned or convicted, legally incapacitated, bankrupt, and public debtors.^[19]

The Congress of Deputies had one seat per 50,000 inhabitants. Of these, those corresponding to larger urban areas were elected in multi-member constituencies using partial block voting: voters in constituencies electing eight seats could choose up to six candidates; in those with seven seats, up to five; in those with six seats, up to four; in those with four or five seats, up to three; and in those with three seats, up to two. The remaining seats were elected in single-member districts by plurality voting and distributed among the provinces of Spain according to population.^[20][21] Up to 10 additional members could be elected through cumulative voting if they ran in several single-member districts and obtained over 10,000 votes overall.^[22] Cuba and Puerto Rico were allocated 24 and 15 seats, respectively.^[23][24]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, 320 single-member districts were established, and each Congress multi-member constituency (a total of 31, electing 111 seats) was entitled the following seats:^[25]

Voting for the elective part of the Senate was also based on censitary suffrage, comprising Spanish male householders of voting age, residing in a Spanish municipality, with full political and civil rights, who met either of the following:^[26]

• Being qualified electors (such as archbishops, bishops and cathedral chapter members, in the archdioceses; full academics, in the royal academies; university authorities and professors, in the universities; or provincial deputies);
• Being elected as delegates (either by members with three years of seniority (in the economic societies of Friends of the Country; or by major taxpayers for direct taxes and local authorities, in the local councils).

180 Senate seats were elected using indirect, two-round majority voting. Delegates chosen by local councils—each of which was assigned an initial minimum of one delegate, with one additional delegate for every six councillors—voted for senators together with provincial deputies. The provinces of Álava, Albacete, Ávila, Biscay, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Guipúzcoa, Huelva, Logroño, Matanzas, Palencia, Pinar del Río, Puerto Príncipe, Santa Clara, Santander, Santiago de Cuba, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Valladolid and Zamora were allocated two seats each, and the rest three each, for a total of 147. The remaining 33 seats were allocated to special institutional districts (one each), including major archdioceses, royal academies, universities, and economic societies,^[b] each elected by their own qualified electors or delegates.^[27][28] Another 180 seats consisted of senators in their own right (such as the monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age (16), grandees of Spain with an income of Pts 60,000, certain general officers—captain generals and admirals—the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops, and the heads of higher courts and state institutions^[c] after two years of service), as well as senators for life directly appointed by the monarch.^[29]

The law provided for by-elections to fill vacant seats during the legislative term. At least two vacancies were required to trigger a by-election in Congress multi-member constituencies; when only two vacancies were to be filled, voters could choose only one candidate.^[30]

Nomination rules

For the Congress, secular Spanish males of voting age, with full civil rights, could run for election. Causes of ineligibility applied to those excluded from voting and to former slaves in Cuba until ten years after becoming freedmen, as well as to:^[17][31]

• Public contractors, within their relevant territories and up to one year after the end of their contracts;
• Holders of a number of territorial posts (such as government-appointed positions, not including Central Administration employees; local and provincial employees; certain technical officials—civil, mining and forest engineers—and presidents of polling stations), within their areas of jurisdiction, during their term of office and up to one year afterwards;
• Holders of any government-appointed post between the election call and election day, for those seeking a seat through cumulative voting.

For the Senate, eligibility was limited to Spanish males over 35 years of age not under criminal prosecution, disfranchisement nor asset seizure, and who either qualified as senators in their own right or belonged (or had belonged) to certain categories:^[32]

• Provided an income of Pts 7,500: the presidents of the Senate and the Congress; deputies serving in three different congresses or eight terms; government ministers; bishops; grandees of Spain not eligible as senators in their own right; and various senior officials after two years of service (such as certain general officers—lieutenant generals and vice admirals—and members of higher courts and state institutions);^[c] heads of diplomatic missions abroad (ambassadors after two years, and plenipotentiaries after four); heads and full academics in the royal academies; chief engineers; and full professors with four years of service;
• Provided an income of Pts 20,000 or being taxpayers with a minimum quota of Pts 4,000 in direct taxes (paid two years in advance): Spanish nobility; and former deputies, provincial deputies or mayors in provincial capitals or towns over 20,000;
• Having served as senators before the promulgation of the 1876 Constitution.

Other ineligibility provisions for the Senate also applied to a number of territorial officials within their areas of jurisdiction, during their term of office and up to three months afterwards; public contractors; tax collectors; and public debtors.^[33]

Incompatibility rules barred representing multiple constituencies simultaneously, as well as combining:^[34]

• The role of senator with other legislative roles (deputy, senator and local councillor, except those in Madrid; and provincial deputies within their respective provinces); or with any public post not explicitly permitted under Senate eligibility requirements;
• The role of deputy with any other civil, military or judicial post, with exceptions—and as many as 40 deputies allowed to simultaneously benefit from these—including a number of specific posts based in Madrid, such as any of the aforementioned ones (provided a public salary of Pts 12,500); senior court officials; university authorities and professors; chief engineers; and general officers.

Congress of Deputies

Overall

Mainland Spain

More information Parties and alliances, Popular vote ...

← Summary of the 21 August 1881 Congress of Deputies election results →

Parties and alliances		Popular vote		Seats
		Votes	%
	Liberal Fusionist Party (Fusionistas)			297
	Liberal Conservative Party (Conservadores)			48
	Progressive–Possibilist Democrats (Demócratas)			32
	Democratic Progressive Party (PPD)			12
	Democratic Party (PD)			10
	Independent Monarchist Progressives (Prog.i)			10
	Catholic Union (UC)			3
	Traditionalists (Tradicionalistas)			2
	Fuerist Party of the Basque Union (PFUV)			1
	Independents (Independientes)			9
Total		604,758		392
Votes cast / turnout		604,758	71.40
Abstentions		242,203	28.60
Registered voters		846,961
Sources[35][36][37][38]

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Seats

Fusionist		 	75.77%
Conservative		 	12.24%
Democratic		 	8.16%
UC		 	0.77%
Traditionalist		 	0.51%
PFUV		 	0.26%
Independent		 	2.30%

Cuba

More information Parties and alliances, Popular vote ...

← Summary of the 21 August 1881 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuba →

Parties and alliances		Popular vote		Seats
		Votes	%
	Constitutional Union Party (Unión Conservadora)			18
	Liberal Party (Liberal)			4
	Progressive Liberal Party (Liberal Progresista)			2
Total				24
Votes cast / turnout
Abstentions
Registered voters		31,295
Sources[39]

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Seats

Const. Union		 	75.00%
Liberal		 	16.67%
Prog. Liberal		 	8.33%

Senate

More information Parties and alliances, Seats ...

← Summary of the 2 September 1881 Senate of Spain election results →

Parties and alliances		Seats
	Liberal Fusionist Party (Fusionistas)	135
	Liberal Conservative Party (Conservadores)	15
	Progressive–Possibilist Democrats (Demócratas)	12
	Democratic Progressive Party (PPD)	8
	Democratic Party (PD)	4
	Independents (Independientes)	8
	Archbishops (Arzobispos)	10
Total elective seats		180
Sources[44][45][46]

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