1890 German federal election

The previous Reichstag election in 1887 was held early after Emperor Wilhelm I, at Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's request, dissolved the Reichstag when it failed to pass Bismarck's seven-year military budget. Bismarck hoped, with good reason, that a new Reichstag would approve the bill. The three Cartel parties [de] – the German Conservative Party, German Reich Party (Free Conservatives) and National Liberals – picked up 53 additional seats in the election for a total of 219 out of 397, giving them a 55% majority. On 11 March 1887, just a few weeks after the election, the Reichstag approved Bismarck's military budget with the seven-year period he wanted.^[1]

On 9 February 1888, the Reichstag amended the Reich constitution to extend the legislative term from three to five years. The move was taken to extend the life of the existing majority coalition and with it Bismarck's ability to govern.^[2]

Wilhelm I died on 9 March 1888 and his son Frederick III, who was gravely ill when he ascended the throne, died on 15 June, leaving the crown to Wilhelm II. Unlike his grandfather, Wilhelm II involved himself in day-to-day politics and in doing so came into conflict with Chancellor Bismarck. Bismarck's attempt to make the Anti-Socialist Laws permanent was defeated in the Reichstag on 25 January 1890, a failure that was the result of divisions within the Cartel parties. Wilhelm immediately dissolved the Reichstag at Bismarck's request even though he disapproved of the Anti-Socialist Laws and wanted to introduce labour protection legislation. He was willing to follow Bismarck because he wanted to increase the military budget and knew that Bismarck could help him see it through the Reichstag.^[3][4][5]

The election was held under general, equal, direct and secret suffrage. All German males over the age of 25 years were able to vote except for active members of the military and recipients of poor relief. The restrictions on the military were meant to keep it from becoming politicized, while men on relief were considered to be open to political manipulation. The constitutional guarantee of a secret vote was not safeguarded at the time, since ballot boxes and polling booths were not introduced until 1903.^[6]

If no candidate in a district won an absolute majority of the votes, a runoff election was held between the first and second place finishers. It was possible for a replacement candidate to be introduced in a runoff.^[7]

The election was a major defeat for Bismarck and the Cartel parties, which together lost 91 seats. The Centre Party remained the strongest party, winning 106 constituencies (27.2% of seats) with 18.6% of the popular vote. The left-liberal parties also made significant gains in votes and representation. For the first time, a member of a German party (the SPD) won a seat in Alsace-Lorraine.^[8] Regionalists made gains off the decline of the Cartel parties.^{[citation needed]} Antisemites gained only 0.7% of the votes but won five constituencies.^{[inconsistent]} Their strongholds were the Grand Duchy of Hesse and Hesse-Nassau.^{[citation needed]}

The Social Democrats nearly doubled their vote share compared to the 1887 election and won the popular vote for the first time with over 1.4 million votes, or 19.75% of the total. From his London exile, Friedrich Engels proclaimed that the day of polling was “the day the German revolution began”.^[9] In spite of the SPD's popular vote, the party won only 35 seats (8.8% of the 397). One of the reasons for the low seat count was that Germany had not redistricted since 1871, when each district had about 100,000 voters. In the 20 intervening years, there had been considerable rural to urban migration due to industrialisation. The SPD, with its predominantly urban electorate, suffered disproportionately because each vote in a heavily populated urban district carried less weight than a vote in a sparsely populated rural district. A second reason was that the German Empire used a first-past-the-post voting system in which a candidate in a district could win in the first round only by obtaining an absolute majority of the votes cast. If a second round was necessary, the conservative and national liberal parties generally formed electoral alliances, often against the SPD candidate. The SPD seldom entered into such alliances.^[10]

Wilhelm II dismissed Bismarck from office a month after the election and replaced him with Leo von Caprivi. The Reichstag allowed the Anti-Socialist Laws to lapse on 30 September 1890.^[11]