1948 Italian general election

The pure party-list proportional representation chosen two years before for the election of the Constituent Assembly was adopted for the Chamber of Deputies. Italian provinces were divided into 31 constituencies, each electing a group of candidates.^[e] In each constituency, seats were divided between open lists using the largest remainder method with the Imperiali quota. Remaining votes and seats transferred to the national level, where special closed lists of national leaders received the last seats using the Hare quota.

For the Senate, 237 single-seat constituencies were created. The candidates needed a two-thirds majority to be elected, but only 15 aspiring senators were elected this way. All remaining votes and seats were grouped in party lists and regional constituencies, where the D'Hondt method was used: Inside the lists, candidates with the best percentages were elected. This electoral system became standard in Italy, and was used until 1993.

The election remain unmatched in verbal aggression and fanaticism in Italy's period of democracy. According to the historian Gianni Corbi, the 1948 election was "the most passionate, the most important, the longest, the dirtiest, and the most uncertain electoral campaign in Italian history".^[4] The election was between two competing visions of the future of Italian society: on the right it was a Roman Catholic, conservative, and capitalist Italy, represented by the governing DC of Alcide De Gasperi, and on the left was a secular, revolutionary, and socialist society, linked to the Soviet Union and represented by the FDP coalition led by the PCI.^[4]

The DC ran a campaign that pointed to the Communist coup in Czechoslovakia. It warned that in Communist countries "children send parents to jail", "children are owned by the state", and told voters that disaster would strike Italy if the Communists were to take power.^[5][6] Another slogan was "In the secrecy of the polling booth, God sees you – Stalin doesn't."^[7]

The FDP campaign focused on living standards and avoided embarrassing questions of foreign policy, such as United Nations membership (vetoed by the Soviet Union) and Communist Yugoslavia control of Trieste, or losing American financial and food aid through the Marshall Plan. The PCI led the FDP coalition and had effectively marginalised the PSI, which suffered loss in terms of parliamentary seats and political power.^[f] The PSI had also been hurt by the secession of a social-democratic faction led by Giuseppe Saragat, which contested the election with the concurrent list of Socialist Unity (US).

The PCI had difficulties in restraining its more militant members, who in the period immediately after the war had engaged in violent acts of reprisals. The areas affected by the violence (the "Red Triangle" of Emilia, or parts of Liguria around Genoa and Savona, for instance) had previously seen episodes of brutality committed by the Italian fascists during Benito Mussolini's regime and the Italian Resistance during the Allied advance through Italy.

The 1948 general election was greatly influenced by the Cold War that was underway between the Soviet Union and the United States.^[9] After his defeat in the election, PCI leader Palmiro Togliatti stated on 22 April: "The elections were not free ... Brutal foreign intervention was used consisting of a threat to starve the country by withholding ERP aid if it voted for the Democratic Front ... The menace to use the atom bomb against towns or regions" that voted pro-communist.^[10] The U.S. government's Voice of America radio began broadcasting anti-communist propaganda to Italy on 24 March 1948.^[11] By its own admission, the CIA gave US$1 million (equivalent to $13 million in 2025) to what they referred to as "center parties",^[12] and was accused of publishing forged letters to discredit the leaders of the PCI.^[13]

The National Security Act of 1947, which made foreign covert operations possible, had been signed into law about six months earlier by the U.S. President Harry S. Truman. U.S. agencies also sent ten million letters, made numerous short-wave radio broadcasts, and funded the publishing of books and articles, all of which warned Italians of the "consequences" of a Communist victory. Overall, the U.S. funnelled $10 million to $20 million (equivalent to $130 million to $270 million in 2025) into the country for specifically anti-PCI purposes. The CIA also made use of off-the-books sources of financing to interfere in the election: millions of dollars from the Economic Cooperation Administration affiliated with the Marshall Plan,^[14] and more than $10 million in captured Nazi money were steered to anti-communist propaganda.^[15]

That the United States provided support to anti-PCI groups,^[16] and reiterated that should the PCI win, the Marshall Plan and other aids could be terminated,^[17] was further corroborated by Luigi Einaudi, who wrote in his diary of a dinner at the home of Pietro Quaroni, the Italian Ambassador to the Soviet Union, that it was agreed the United States would not grant real aid with the PCI still in government.^[18] CIA operative F. Mark Wyatt stated: "We had bags of money that we delivered to selected politicians, to defray their political expenses, their campaign expenses, for posters, for pamphlets."^[19] Wyatt also claimed that in the lead up to the election the PCI received exorbitant funds of up to $10 million per month from the Soviet Union and that Italian authorities were aware of the Soviets' activities.^[13] This was disputed by the PCI, which voiced its frustration at the Soviets' lack of support for the FDP's campaign.^[20] Italian historian Alessandro Brogi dismisses the CIA's claims as "overexaggerated" and notes that the Soviets only undertook "ad hoc last minute diplomatic [and] financial action" because it feared that inaction in Italy would set a precedent for U.S. intervention in Eastern Europe. Despite amicable meetings in the postwar years between top PCI official Pietro Secchia and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin,^[21] the Soviets were apprehensive about committing to Italy financially,^[20] and only provided "occasional and modest" funds to the PCI.^[22][23]

The DC eventually won the 1948 election with 48 per cent of the vote, and the FDP received 31 per cent. The CIA's practice of influencing the political situation was repeated in every Italian election for at least the next 24 years.^[19] No left-leaning coalition won a general election until 1996. That was partly because of Italians' traditional bent for conservatism and even more importantly the Cold War, with the U.S. closely watching Italy in their determination to maintain a vital NATO presence amidst the Mediterranean and retain the Yalta-agreed status quo in Western Europe.^[24] The Irish government, motivated by the country's devout Catholicism, also interfered in the election by funnelling the modern day equivalent of €2 million through the Irish Embassy to the Vatican, which then distributed it to Catholic politicians. Joseph Walshe, Ireland's ambassador to the Vatican, had privately suggested secretly funding Azione Cattolica.^[25]

The DC won a sweeping victory, taking 48.5 per cent of the vote and 305 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 131 seats in the Senate of the Republic. With an absolute majority in both chambers of the Italian Parliament, Gasperi (the then DC leader and incumbent prime minister) could have formed a one-party government; however, he formed a centrist coalition with the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), the Italian Republican Party (PRI), and SU. De Gasperi formed three Council of Ministries during the parliamentary term, the second one in 1950 after the defection of the PLI who hoped for more rightist politics, and the third one in 1951 after the defection of the SU who hoped for more left-wing politics. Following a provision of the new republican Constitution of Italy, all living democratic deputies elected during the 1924 Italian general election and deposed by the National Fascist Party (PNF) in 1926, automatically became members of the first republican Senate.

Chamber of Deputies

More information Party, Votes ...

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Christian Democracy	12,740,042	48.51	305	+98
	Popular Democratic Front	8,136,637	30.98	183	−36
	Socialist Unity	1,858,116	7.07	33	New
	National Bloc	1,003,727	3.82	19	−52
	Monarchist National Party	729,078	2.78	14	−2
	Italian Republican Party	651,875	2.48	9	−14
	Italian Social Movement	526,882	2.01	6	New
	South Tyrolean People's Party	124,243	0.47	3	New
	Peasants' Party of Italy	95,914	0.37	1	0
	Social Christian Party	72,854	0.28	0	0
	Sardinian Action Party	61,928	0.24	1	−1
	Nationalist Movement for the Social Democracy	56,096	0.21	0	New
	Federalist Movements' Union	52,655	0.20	0	New
	Unionist People's Bloc	35,899	0.14	0	New
	Internationalist Communist Party	20,736	0.08	0	0
	Republican Progressive Democratic Front	14,482	0.06	0	–1
	National Concentration of United Combatants	11,396	0.04	0	New
	Italian Demolabourist Party	10,002	0.04	0	New
	Independent Democratic Party of Pensioners	8,125	0.03	0	New
	Independent Peasants' Party	6,733	0.03	0	New
	Democratic Front of the Italians	5,481	0.02	0	New
	Political Group The Right	4,300	0.02	0	New
	National Association of Kindred Missing in War	3,707	0.01	0	New
	Homeland and Freedom Party	3,178	0.01	0	New
	Rural and Independent Concentration of Aosta Valley	2,906	0.01	0	New
	Italian Anti-Bolshevik Front	2,756	0.01	0	New
	Independent Socialist Union	2,637	0.01	0	New
	Italian Popular Grouping	2,191	0.01	0	New
	Single Anti-Communist Front – National Awakening	2,091	0.01	0	New
	Maglio	1,642	0.01	0	New
	Italian Confederation of Free Trade Unions	1,531	0.01	0	New
	National Movement Casualties and Damaged by War	1,179	0.00	0	New
	Sardinia League	1,117	0.00	0	0
	Independent Catholic Movement Pax et Justitia	961	0.00	0	New
	Italian Existentialist Party	816	0.00	0	New
	Other parties	10,545	0.04	0	–
Total		26,264,458	100.00	574	+18
Valid votes		26,264,458	97.80
Invalid/blank votes		591,283	2.20
Total votes		26,855,741	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		29,117,270	92.23
Source: Ministry of the Interior[26]

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Popular vote

DC			48.51%
FDP			30.98%
US			7.07%
BN			3.82%
PNM			2.78%
PRI			2.48%
MSI			2.01%
Others			2.35%

Seats

DC			53.14%
FDP			31.88%
US			5.75%
BN			3.31%
PNM			2.44%
PRI			1.57%
MSI			1.05%
Others			0.87%

By constituency

More information Constituency, Total seats ...

Constituency	Total seats	Seats won
		DC	FDP	US	BN	PNM	PRI	MSI	Others
Turin	26	13	10	3
Cuneo	16	9	4	2					1
Genoa	19	9	8	2
Milan	36	18	14	4
Como	14	9	4	1
Brescia	19	14	4	1
Mantua	10	5	5
Trentino	9	5	1						3
Verona	28	19	7	2
Venice	16	10	4	2
Udine	14	9	3	2
Bologna	24	7	13	2			2
Parma	19	7	10	2
Florence	13	6	7
Pisa	15	7	7				1
Siena	9	3	6
Ancona	17	9	6	1			1
Perugia	11	5	6
Rome	35	20	10	1	1		2	1
L'Aquila	16	10	5	1
Campobasso	4	3			1
Naples	31	17	7	1	1	4		1
Benevento	18	11	3		2	2
Bari	22	12	7		2	1
Lecce	16	9	4		2	1
Potenza	6	4	2
Catanzaro	24	13	8		2			1
Catania	26	15	5	2	2	2
Palermo	25	13	6		2	2	1	1
Cagliari	13	9	3		1				1
Aosta Valley	1	1
National	21	4	4	4	3	2	2	2
Total	574	305	183	33	19	14	9	6	5

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Senate of the Republic

More information Party, Votes ...

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	Christian Democracy	10,899,640	48.11	131
	Popular Democratic Front	6,969,122	30.76	72
	National Bloc	1,222,419	5.40	7
	Socialist Unity	943,219	4.16	8
	US – PRI	607,792	2.68	4
	Italian Republican Party	594,178	2.62	4
	Monarchist National Party	393,510	1.74	3
	Italian Social Movement	164,092	0.72	1
	South Tyrolean People's Party	95,406	0.42	2
	Peasants' Party of Italy	65,986	0.29	0
	Sardinian Action Party	65,743	0.29	1
	Federalist Movements' Union	42,880	0.19	0
	Nationalist Movement for the Social Democracy	27,152	0.12	0
	Republican Progressive Democratic Front	13,479	0.06	0
	Rural and Independent Concentration of Aosta Valley	2,868	0.01	0
	Independent Socialist Union	2,833	0.01	0
	Other parties	2,932	0.01	0
	Independents	544,039	2.40	4
Total		22,657,290	100.00	237
Valid votes		22,657,290	95.03
Invalid/blank votes		1,185,629	4.97
Total votes		23,842,919	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		25,874,809	92.15
Source: Ministry of the Interior[27]

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Popular vote

DC			48.11%
FDP			30.76%
BN			5.40%
US			4.16%
US–PRI			2.68%
PRI			2.62%
PNM			1.74%
Others			4.53%

Seats

DC			55.27%
FDP			30.38%
US			3.38%
BN			2.85%
US–PRI			1.69%
PRI			1.69%
PNM			1.27%
Others			3.38%

By constituency

More information Constituency, Total seats ...

Constituency	Total seats	Seats won
		DC	FDP	US	BN	US–PRI	PRI	PNM	Others	Ind.
Piedmont	17	8	6	2						1
Aosta Valley	1	1
Lombardy	31	18	10			3
Trentino-Alto Adige	6	4							2
Veneto	19	14	4	1
Friuli-Venezia Giulia	6	4	1			1
Liguria	8	4	3	1
Emilia-Romagna	17	6	9	1			1
Tuscany	15	7	7	1
Umbria	6	3	3
Marche	7	4	2				1
Lazio	16	10	5				1
Abruzzo	6	4	2
Molise	2	2
Campania	21	11	4		2			1	1	2
Apulia	15	8	5		1					1
Basilicata	6	3	2	1
Calabria	10	5	3		2
Sicily	22	12	5	1	1		1	2
Sardinia	6	3	1		1				1
Total	237	131	72	8	7	4	4	3	4	4

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• Foreign electoral intervention
• List of foreign electoral interventions