1989 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao creation plebiscite
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The 1989 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao creation plebiscite was a creation plebiscite held on November 17, 1989, in parts of Mindanao and Palawan in the Philippines.
Upon the installation of President Corazon Aquino following the 1986 People Power Revolution which deposed Ferdinand Marcos, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) held negotiations in with the Aquino administration in Jeddah. The MNLF pushed for the government for the outright establishment of an autonomous region in Mindanao as per the 1976 Tripoli Agreement through an executive order; a demand which the government did not accept.[1]
The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines adopted during Aquino's presidency allows for the creation of an autonomous region in "Muslim Mindanao".[2] Republic Act No. 6734 or the Organic Act which proposed for the creation of such region called the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was signed into law on August 1, 1989, by President Corazon Aquino[3][4] but had to be ratified through a plebiscite which was held on November 17, 1989.[2]
Both the MNLF, and its splinter group the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, boycotted the vote.[3]
Results
Rules
The plebiscite is conducted on a per-province and per-city basis.
- If there are more votes for autonomy in a province, that province becomes a part of the autonomous region.
- If there are more votes for autonomy in a city, that city becomes a part of the autonomous region, regardless if how its mother province votes.
- If there are more votes against autonomy in a municipality, but its mother province votes in favor, that municipality still becomes a part of the autonomous region
- If there are more votes for autonomy in a municipality, but its mother province votes against, that municipality does not become a part of the autonomous region
Summary
Only four provinces namely Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi opted to be included in the newly formed ARMM.[1] The Muslim-majority province of Basilan and the city of Marawi in Lanao del Sur notably voted against its inclusion to the ARMM.[5] Elections for the first set of regional officials were held in February 1990.[1]
The following are the results for the province and city.
| Locality | Yes | No | Valid votes | Registered voters |
Ratified? | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | |||
| Basilan | 20,924 | 36.57% | 36,286 | 63.43% | 57,210 | 55.40% | 103,272 | No |
| Cotabato | 26,734 | 18.92% | 114,568 | 81.08% | 141,302 | 50.35% | 280,624 | No |
| Cotabato City | 12,986 | 9.56% | 122,851 | 90.44% | 135,837 | 55.00% | 246,979 | No |
| Davao del Sur | 46,892 | 37.95% | 76,682 | 62.05% | 123,574 | 70.31% | 175,751 | No |
| Dapitan | 462 | 2.34% | 19,307 | 97.66% | 19,769 | 69.63% | 28,392 | No |
| Dipolog | 845 | 3.40% | 24,009 | 96.60% | 24,854 | 62.87% | 39,532 | No |
| General Santos | 8,223 | 19.67% | 33,577 | 80.33% | 41,800 | 40.37% | 103,549 | No |
| Iligan | 2,044 | 3.19% | 61,983 | 96.81% | 64,027 | 59.05% | 108,432 | No |
| Lanao del Norte | 46,892 | 37.95% | 76,682 | 62.05% | 123,574 | 70.31% | 175,751 | No |
| Lanao del Sur | 125,338 | 74.08% | 43,855 | 25.92% | 169,193 | 71.37% | 237,076 | Yes |
| Maguindanao | 76,717 | 62.68% | 45,670 | 37.32% | 122,387 | 45.70% | 267,824 | Yes |
| Marawi | 10,399 | 46.01% | 12,204 | 53.99% | 22,603 | 56.13% | 40,269 | No |
| Pagadian | 4,774 | 19.15% | 20,149 | 80.85% | 24,923 | 50.67% | 49,188 | No |
| Palawan | 8,162 | 9.09% | 81,617 | 90.91% | 89,779 | 54.48% | 164,789 | No |
| Puerto Princesa | 3,283 | 14.23% | 19,796 | 85.77% | 23,079 | 51.11% | 45,155 | No |
| South Cotabato | 26,198 | 15.87% | 138,841 | 84.13% | 165,039 | 52.22% | 316,043 | No |
| Sultan Kudarat | 5,601 | 7.33% | 70,827 | 92.67% | 76,428 | 49.76% | 153,589 | No |
| Sulu | 99,911 | 73.92% | 35,245 | 26.08% | 135,156 | 57.96% | 233,181 | Yes |
| Tawi-Tawi | 40,596 | 72.86% | 15,125 | 27.14% | 55,721 | 56.26% | 99,039 | Yes |
| Zamboanga del Norte | 5,872 | 4.12% | 136,766 | 95.88% | 142,638 | 53.58% | 266,191 | No |
| Zamboanga del Sur | 14,543 | 6.43% | 211,782 | 93.57% | 226,325 | 55.83% | 405,392 | No |
| Zamboanga City | 5,299 | 5.55% | 90,152 | 94.45% | 95,451 | 53.77% | 177,533 | No |
| Total | 1,968,900 | 54.69% | 3,599,984 | — | ||||
Of the 3.5 million registered voters, 55.31% turned out and voted. 72% of those who voted rejected autonomy. In Christian areas, autonomy was rejected in 40-to-1 margins.[6]
The new autonomous region was inaugurated on November 6, 1990.[3] The region would be expanded following a second plebiscite in 2001.
References
- 1 2 3 Rivera, Temario C. (1996). State of the Nation: Philippines. Institute of Southeast Asian. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-981-3055-34-6.
- 1 2 "Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao" (PDF). Department of Budget and Management. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
- 1 2 3 Inquirer, Philippine Daily (January 26, 2014). "What Went Before: Peace talks with the MILF". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
- ↑ "Republic Act No. 6734". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
- ↑ McKenna, Thomas. "The Origins of the Muslim Separatist Movement in the Philippines". Asia Society. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
- 1 2 "Organization woes bug autonomy". news.google.com. November 25, 1989. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
- ↑ "ANGAY-ANGAY LANG: Kalinaw Mindanaw: The Story of the GRP-MNLF Peace Process, 1975-1996 (12)". www.mindanews.com. November 19, 2020. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
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