1991 SEA Games
Multi-sport event in Manila, Philippines
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The 1991 Southeast Asian Games, officially known as the 16th Southeast Asian Games, were a multi-sport event held in Manila, the Philippines, from 24 November to 5 December 1991, with 28 sports featured in the games. This was the second time that the country hosted the games and its first since 1981. It was officially opened by President Corazon Aquino at the Rizal Memorial Stadium in Manila through a colorful opening ceremony. It was the only SEA Games at that time where the overall championship was heavily contested. The deciding medal came from the last sporting event - women's marathon where Indonesia got the gold medal.[2][3]
| |
| Host city | Manila, Philippines |
|---|---|
| Motto | "Nine Nations, Under an Asian Sun" |
| Nations | 9 |
| Events | 28 sports |
| Opening | 24 November 1991 |
| Closing | 5 December 1991 |
| Opened by | Corazon Aquino President of the Philippines |
| Athlete's Oath | Jasmin Valenton[1] |
| Torch lighter | Carlos Loyzaga Lydia de Vega Gerard Cantada |
| Ceremony venue | Rizal Memorial Stadium |
Fourteen years after the 1991 SEA Games, the country hosted the 2005 SEA Games. Another 14 years later, the Philippines hosted the 2019 SEA Games, which is the first that the event took place in the whole country.
Marketing
Logo
The logo of 1991 Southeast Asian Games was designed by Ernesto A. Calaguas. The logo features a Vinta, a traditional outrigger boat in the island of Mindanao. It also features the six-ring chain, the logo of the Southeast Asian Games Federations. It represents the six founding countries.
Mascot
The mascot for the Games is a colorful fowl called Kiko Labuyo.[4]
Theme Song
The theme song, "Nine Countries Under An Asian Sun", was composed by Sammy Climaco with the Lyrics written by Alex Arrellano.[5]
Development and preparation
Venues
| Venue | Sports |
| Rizal Memorial Sports Complex | |
| Rizal Memorial Stadium | Athletics, Football, Ceremonies |
| Ninoy Aquino Stadium | Volleyball, Wushu |
| Rizal Memorial Coliseum | Taekwondo |
| Rizal Memorial Swimming Pool | Aquatics |
| Rizal Memorial Tennis Center | Tennis |
| Sports Medicine Building | Billiards and snooker |
| Metro Manila Venues | |
| Amoranto Velodrome | Cycling (track) |
| Araneta Coliseum | Basketball |
| Ateneo Gymnasium | Sepak takraw |
| Camp Crame Gymnasium | Badminton |
| Philippine Marine Corps Range | Shooting |
| Green Valley Country Club | Bowling |
| Makati Sports Club | Squash |
| Manila Polo Club | Archery |
| Manila Yacht Club | Sailing |
| Philippine Village Hotel | Bodybuilding |
| Rosario Sports Complex | Softball |
| Folk Arts Theater | Boxing |
| ULTRA | Karate, Table Tennis |
| UP Gymnasium | Weightlifting |
| Valle Verde Country Club | Fencing |
| Rizal Province | |
| Antipolo | Cycling (road race) |
| Valley Golf and Country Club | Golf |
The Games
Participating nations
Brunei
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines (Host)
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Sports
Aquatics ()
Archery ()
Athletics ()
Badminton ()
Basketball ()
Billiards and snooker ()
Bodybuilding ()
Bowling ()
Boxing ()
Cycling ()
Fencing ()
Football ()
Golf ()
Gymnastics ()
Judo ()
Karate ()
Rowing ()
Sailing ()
Sepak takraw ()
Shooting ()
Softball ()
Squash ()
Table tennis ()
Taekwondo ()
Tennis ()
Volleyball ()
Weightlifting ()
Wushu ()
Medal table
- Key
* Host nation (Philippines)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Indonesia (INA) | 92 | 87 | 67 | 246 |
| 2 |  Philippines (PHI)* | 91 | 62 | 86 | 239 |
| 3 |  Thailand (THA) | 72 | 80 | 69 | 221 |
| 4 |  Malaysia (MAS) | 36 | 38 | 66 | 140 |
| 5 |  Singapore (SIN) | 18 | 32 | 45 | 95 |
| 6 |  Myanmar (MYA) | 12 | 16 | 29 | 57 |
| 7 |  Vietnam (VIE) | 7 | 12 | 10 | 29 |
| 8 |  Brunei (BRU) | 0 | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 9 |  Laos (LAO) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Totals (9 entries) | 328 | 327 | 380 | 1,035 | |
Concerns and controversies
- Reduction of gold medals
The Philippines should have tallied a total of 91 gold medals, but one of the gold medals from boxing was proclaimed unofficial. The said gold medal should have been fought by a Filipino boxer against a Thai boxer, but the latter was found positive in the doping tests. The gold medal was, at first, given to the Philippines, but after a few days, the SEAG Organizing Committee declared that there will be no gold and silver medalists for the said event in boxing because there was no battle fought.[10]
Main official host television broadcasting
| Country | Official broadcasters | Television broadcast |
|---|---|---|
| Brunei |
Radio Television Brunei | RTB 5 RTB 8 |
| Indonesia |
Televisi Republik Indonesia | TVRI |
| Malaysia |
Radio Televisyen Malaysia | RTM TV1 |
| Philippines |
ABS-CBN People's Television Network Radio Philippines Network Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation |
ABS-CBN 2 PTV 4 New Vision 9 Islands TV 13 |
| Singapore |
Singapore Broadcasting Corporation | SBC 12 |
| Thailand |
Television Pool of Thailand | |
| Vietnam |
Vietnam Television | VTV1 |
