1994 Sabah state election

The Assembly were dissolved by Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah Said Keruak on advice from Chief Minister Joseph Pairin Kitingan on 9 January 1994, 16 months before the Assembly term of 5 years expire, paving the way to a snap election.^[3]

PBS has ruled Sabah for almost 9 years since winning the 1985 Sabah state election, winning 3 state elections including 1985, and also were in Barisan Nasional from 1986 until exiting the BN in 1990 and joined opposition pact Gagasan Rakyat with DAP.

Before the election, PBS had already produced 2 splinters, SAPP (which were only formed 3 weeks before on 21 January, and contesting for the first time) and AKAR (formed in 1989, and have contested in 1990 state and federal elections), both which had contested under BN banner. LDP would also contest under BN.

This was the first Sabah state election to feature peninsula-based party United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). UMNO Sabah was born of the merger between United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) and Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA) in 1991, as a party to counter PBS influence in Sabah.

Other parties contesting included SETIA, BERSEKUTU, DAP (a partner of PBS in Gagasan Rakyat but is contesting in 2 seats against PBS), PAS and independent candidates. SETIA however, through its president Suhaidin Langkap on the eve of the election announced all 14 of its candidates withdrawal from contesting and changing their support for BN, although the candidates name were still on the ballot list.^[4]

Reference:^[5]

Source:^[6]

As per stated above, PBS won the election by a tight margin. PBS president Joseph Pairin Kitingan was sworn in as chief minister of Sabah, his fourth time, on 21 February 1994, together with the state EXCO members.^[7] However, less than a month later, as a result of defections by elected PBS assemblymen to BN, Pairin was forced to resign on 17 March 1994,^[8][9] and PBS was forced out of power, resulting in BN forming government in Sabah.^[10] Sakaran Dandai, leader of UMNO and BN in Sabah, was sworn in as the new Chief Minister on the same day.^[11]

Bernard Dompok, the former PBS vice-president, formed Parti Demokratik Sabah (PDS) with 18 assemblymen (PDS later changed name to UPKO). Joseph Kurup left PBS and formed Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS). Jeffery Kitingan, Pairin's brother, also left PBS and joined Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat (AKAR). All of these parties stated their support to BN, and later joined BN. As a result of these defections, PBS was left with 5 seats.

The outcome of this election and the defections resulted in the term katak being coined in, the literal meaning of which is "frog", due to the actions of PBS members "jumping" to another political party.^[12]

• 2009 Perak constitutional crisis

• James Chin. Sabah State Election of 1994: End of Kadazan Unity, Asian Survey, Vol. 34, No. 10, 1994, pp. 904–915