A2 (classification)

For athletics competitions that use the IPC athletics classification system, this class competes in T42, F42, T54 and F58.^{[1][4][15][16][7]}

People in this class use a prosthetic limb when competing in athletics. It has four parts: a socket, a knee, a shank and a foot.^[1] In shot put, people in this class often plant their left leg against the toe board when they begin the glide stage of their throw.^[1] Above the knee amputees have difficulty using standard able-bodied spint actions because of the differences in their functional muscle mass. As a result, they often use a specialized sprinting technique called “Leg-Over-Leg”. This technique involves using hip extensions to avoid deceleration caused by the prosthetic leg hitting the ground.^[1] Use of a specially made carbon fibre running prosthetic leg assists runners in this class in lowering their heart rate compared to using a prosthetic not designed for running.^[17] Runners in this class can have lower metabolic costs compared to elite runners over middle and long distances.^[17] In general, track athletes with amputations should be considerate of the surface they are running on, and avoid asphalt and cinder tracks.^[1]

A study comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics found there was no significant difference in performance in times between women in A1, A2 and A3 in the discus, women in A2 and A3 in the discus, women in A1 and A2 in the javelin, women in A2 and A3 in the shot put, women in A2, A3 and A4 in the long jump, women in A1 and A2 in the 100 meter race, women in A2 and A3 in the 100 meter race, men in A1, A2 and A3 in the discus, men in A2, A3 and A4 in the discus, men in A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the javelin, men in A2, A3 and A4 in the javelin, men in A1, A2 and A3 in the shot put, men in A2, A3 and A4 in the shot put, men in A2, A3 and A4 in the high jump, men in A1 and A2 in the 100 meter race, men in A2 and A3 in the 100 meter race, men in A1, A2, A3 and A4 in the 400 meter race, and men in A2 and A3 in the 400 meter race.^[18] From the 2004 Summer Paralympics to the 2012 Summer Paralympics, there was no significant changes in performance times put up by male sprinters in 100 meter, 200 meter and 400 meter events.^[15]

When CP4 athletes who are world record holders in their class have been put into a parallel athletics class with amputee athletes from this class because of comparable disability types, they have under-performed.^[5][19]

One of the more well known racers in this class is Canadian Earle Connor.^[19]

For wheelchair basketball, sportspeople in this class tend to be classified a 4-point players, especially if the amputation type is a hip disarticulation. In wheelchair basketball, this class can have issues with controlling their sideways movements.^[6][9] Despite wheelchair basketball having been around since the first Paralympic Games, amputee players from this class were first allowed to be classified and participate internationally in 1983 following the creation of a functional classification system in Cologne, Germany by Horst Strokhkendl. Players from this class first competed at the 1983 Gold Cup Championships.^[20]

There is a basketball variant called amputee basketball. It uses the ISOD classification system as to whom is eligible to participate, but it is open in terms of all eligible classes, including this one, can play. There is no point system for who is allowed on the floor at any given time like there is in wheelchair basketball.^[7]

People in this class tend to be classified in cycling events as LC2 or LC3. LC2 is for cyclists with an impairment in one leg but who can pedal normally. LC3 is for cyclists with an impairment in one leg, and who cannot pedal normally. They generally can only pedal with one leg.^[6]

One of the sports available to people in this class is amputee football. There are two variants of the game, one with 4 players a side and one with 7 players a side. In both variants, A2 and A4 players must be field players while A6 and A8 players must be goalkeepers. In the 4 person variant, there are two halves of 15 minutes each. In the 7 person variant, there are two halves of 25 minutes each. Players in this class cannot use their residual stumps to kick the ball as it would give them an unfair advantage.^[6]

This class was one of the first to be involved in alpine skiing. Early in the sports history, skiers in this class did not use prosthesis.^[11] They currently tend to be classified as LW2 skiers.^[10]

People with amputations are eligible to compete in swimming at the Paralympic Games.^[17][21] A2 swimmers may be found in several classes. These include S7 and S8.^[3] Prior to the 1990s, this class was often grouped with other amputee classes in swimming competitions, including the Paralympic Games.^[18]

S8 swimmers in this class have similar start times to people with arm amputations in S8 to S10 classes.^[22] Because they have only a single leg, they have less area on a swimming starting block. The balance issues associated with this can make it more challenging to use a traditional starting position to enter the water.^[23] Swimmers in this class have a similar stroke length and stroke rate comparable to able bodied swimmers.^[22]

A study of was done comparing the performance of swimming competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. It found there was no significant difference in performance in times between men and women in A2 and A3 in the 50 meter breaststroke, men and women in A2 and A3 in the 50 meter freestyle, men and women in A2, A3 and A4 in the 25 meter butterfly, and men in A2 and A3 in the 50 meter backstroke.^[18]

Other sports people in this class are eligible to compete in include sitting volleyball, archery, and weightlifting.^[2][18] In both archery and sitting volleyball, different classes of amputees have historically competed against each other as one class for people with amputations or people who have a minimal disability level.^[2][18] In the case of weightlifting, amputees have also traditionally been grouped together, with divisions being based on weight instead.^[18] Another sport open to people in this class is lawn bowls. A2 competitors can be classified as LB2. This is a standing class.^[7] Ten pin bowling is also open to people in this class. They compete in the TPB8 class and TPB9 class.^[8] Rowing is another sport open to people with amputations. In 1991, the first internationally accepted adaptive rowing classification system was established and put into use. People from this class were initially classified as A1 for people with single limb amputations.^[24]

Sitzball, the precursor to sitting volleyball, is another option. It is open to A1 to A9 classified players along with anyone who might be classified as "les autres" or who have lesser amputations that would not qualify them for ISOD classification. It is not open to people with spinal cord injuries. Play is open, with no requirements as to which types of disabilities are on the court at any time.^[7]

Classification is often based on the anatomical nature of the amputation.^[2][11] The classification system takes several things into account when putting people into this class. These include which limbs are effected, how many limbs are effected, and how much of a limb is missing.^[13][25]

For this class, classification generally has four phase. The first stage of classification is a health examination. For amputees, this is often done on site at a sports training facility or competition. The second stage is observation in practice, the third stage is observation in competition and the last stage is assigning the sportsperson to a relevant class.^[26] Sometimes the health examination may not be done on site because the nature of the amputation could cause not physically visible alterations to the body. This is especially true for lower limb amputees as it relates to how their limbs align with their hips and the impact this has on their spine and how their skull sits on their spine.^[27]

For wheelchair basketball, part of the classification process involves observing a player during practice or training. This often includes observing them go one on one against someone who is likely to be in the same class the player would be classified into.^[9]