ARHGEF11

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 is guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the RhoA small GTPase protein.^[8] Rho is a small GTPase protein that is inactive when bound to the guanine nucleotide GDP. But when acted on by Rho GEF proteins such as RhoGEF1, this GDP is released and replaced by GTP, leading to the active state of Rho. In this active, GTP-bound conformation, Rho can bind to and activate specific effector proteins and enzymes to regulate cellular functions.^[9] In particular, active Rho is a major regulator of the cell actin cytoskeleton.^[9]

RhoGEF11 is a member of a group of four RhoGEF proteins known to be activated by G protein coupled receptors coupled to the G₁₂ and G₁₃ heterotrimeric G proteins.^[8] The others are ARHGEF1 (also known as p115-RhoGEF), ARHGEF12 (also known as LARG) and AKAP13 (also known as ARHGEF13 and Lbc). ^[10][11] GPCR-regulated RhoGEF11 (and these related GEF proteins) acts as an effector for G₁₂ and G₁₃ G proteins. In addition to being activated by G₁₂ or G₁₃ G proteins, three of these four RhoGEF proteins (ARHGEF1/11/12) also function as RGS family GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) to increase the rate of GTP hydrolysis of G₁₂/G₁₃ alpha proteins (which are themselves GTPase proteins). This action increases the rate of G protein deactivation, limiting the time during which these RhoGEFs activate Rho.^[12]

Two alternative transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described.^[7]

ARHGEF11 has been shown to interact with:

• GNA12^[13]
• GNA13^[13]
• PLXNB1,^{[14][15][16][17]}
• PLXNB2^[14][15]
• PLXNB3,^[14]
• RHOA^[5]

• Second messenger system
• G protein-coupled receptor
• Heterotrimeric G protein
• Small GTPases
• Rho family of GTPases