Abolhassan Banisadr

Initial exile

Due to his political activities, Banisadr fled Iran for France, where he studied finance and economics at the University of Paris.^[6][8] While there, he also wrote a book on Islamic finance, Eghtesad Tohidi, which roughly translates as "The Economics of Monotheism", and led the Islamic Association of Students, a religious faction affiliated with the National Front.^[9][10]

In 1972, Banisadr's father died.^[7] At the funeral in Iraq, Banisadr met Ruhollah Khomeini and subsequently became his advisor.^[5][7] Both later returned to Iran on 1 February 1979, as the Iranian Revolution neared its conclusion.^[11]

Return to Iran

Upon the establishment of a post-revolutionary Interim Government, Banisadr was named Deputy Minister of Finance.^[12] At Khomeini's direction, he also became a member of the Council of the Islamic Revolution, taking the seat vacated by Mehdi Bazargan, who had left to become the prime minister.^[12] On 12 November 1979, following the dissolution of the Interim Government in response to the Iran hostage crisis. Banisadr replaced Ebrahim Yazdi as Minister of Foreign Affairs.^[11] That same month, on 17 November, Banisadr was promoted to Minister of Finance.^[11][12] He openly criticized the hostage crisis, arguing that the ordeal was isolating Iran from the Third World and forming "a state within a state."^[13]

Presidency

In January 1980, Banisadr registered to become a candidate for Iran's newly formed presidency. Though he lacked religious credentials, he remained protected by Khomeini, who had insisted that members of the clergy not run for office.^[14] On 25 January 1980, the election was held and Banisadr received 75.6 percent of the vote, winning a four-year term as president.^[15] Inaugural ceremonies took place on 4 February at a hospital where Khomeini was recuperating from a heart ailment.^[16]

While in office, Banisadr led Iran's response to the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war in September 1980, during which he survived two helicopter crashes near the border.^[17] Additionally, he oversaw the release of the American embassy hostages on 20 January 1981.^[18]

Impeachment

By May 1981, Iran was experiencing difficulties on the front line, a decline in human rights, stricter media censorship, increased corruption, and heavy social upheaval.^[19][20][21] Banisadr, long engaged in a power struggle with religious hardliners, called for a new referendum, noting that while he had won over 10 million votes in the presidential election, the theocratic Islamic Republican Party (IRP) received less than 4 million in the subsequent parliamentary elections.^[22] This message of defiance became a rallying point for many doubters and dissidents of the new regime, including the militant left-wing Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK) organization.^[23]

Amid calls for Banisadr's impeachment over his remarks, Khomeini told him he could retain the presidency if he publicly apologized, but Banisadr refused, instead asking for "resistance" from the public.^[24] As a result, on 10 June 1981, Khomeini stripped Banisadr of his title as commander-in-chief.^[6][25][26] The Islamic Consultative Assembly debated Banisadr's ouster; only one legislator, Salaheddin Bayani, spoke in his favor during the proceedings.^[26][27][28] Legislators filed articles of impeachment against Banisadr on 21 June, which Khomeini endorsed and signed off on the next day.^[14][28] Hussein-Ali Montazeri, then second in line to the supreme leader, remained supportive of Banisadr.^[29]

In the days before his removal from office, Banisadr had gone into hiding in Tehran as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) seized presidential buildings and imprisoned writers at newspapers aligned with him.^[29][30][31] In an attempt to regain power, Banisadr sought to organize a coalition of anti-Khomeini factions, including the MEK, the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan, and the communist Organization of People's Fedaian Guerrillas, while eschewing any contact with pro-monarchist exile groups.^[30] Street violence soon escalated as both Hezbollah and the IRGC attacked "counterrevolutionary" demonstrators at a large pro-Banisadr rally, killing 50, wounding 300, and arresting nearly a thousand.^[24]

Throughout June and July of 1981, several of Banisadr's closest friends and advisors were executed, in addition to hundreds of other revolutionaries deemed unsympathetic to the Islamic regime.^[26][29] The 27 July 1981 execution of prominent MEK member Mohammad Reza Saadati led Banisadr and MEK leader Massoud Rajavi to conclude that it was unsafe to remain in Iran.^[30]

My Turn to Speak

In 1991, Banisadr released an English translation of his 1989 text My Turn to Speak: Iran, the Revolution and Secret Deals with the U.S.^[33] In the book, Banisadr alleged covert dealings between the Ronald Reagan presidential campaign and leaders in Tehran to prolong the Iran hostage crisis before the 1980 United States presidential election.^[34] He also claimed that Henry Kissinger plotted to set up a Palestinian state in the Iranian province of Khuzestan and that Zbigniew Brzezinski conspired with Saddam Hussein to plot Iraq's 1980 invasion of Iran.^[33]

Lloyd Grove of The Washington Post described the book as atypical for a bestseller, noting that it was assembled from interviews by French journalist Jean-Charles Deniau and characterized it as often enigmatic and complex rather than straightforward.^[35] In a review for Foreign Affairs, William B. Quandt characterized the book as a rambling and self-serving collection of reminiscences, stating that it contains numerous sensational allegations but lacks supporting documentation.^[33] Kirkus Reviews called it "an interesting—though frequently incredible and consistently self-serving-memoir," adding that "frequent sensational accusations render [Banisadr's] tale an eccentric, implausible commentary on the tragic folly of the Iranian Revolution."^[36]

Later activities

In a 2008 interview with the Voice of America, Banisadr claimed that Khomeini was both directly responsible for the violence originating from the Muslim world and for breaking the promises he had made while in exile.^[37] In July 2009, Banisadr publicly denounced the Iranian government's conduct after the disputed presidential election, alleging that "Ali Khamenei ordered the fraud in the presidential elections and the ensuing crackdown on protesters."^[38] In addition, Banisadr stated that the regime was "holding on to power solely by means of violence and terror", accusing its leaders of amassing individual wealth to the detriment of Iranian citizens.^[38]

In published articles on the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, Banisadr attributed the unusually open political climate before the election to the government's urgent need to prove its legitimacy, which he said had been lost.^[39][40] He further wrote that the spontaneous uprising had not only cost the government its political legitimacy, but that Ali Khamenei's threats leading to the violent crackdown had also cost the government its religious legitimacy.^[40]