Abundances of the elements (data page)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Parts-per-million cube of relative abundance by mass of elements of the entire Earth down to around 1 ppm

Earth bulk continental crust and upper continental crust

  • C1 — Crust: CRC Handbook
  • C2 — Crust: Kaye and Laby
  • C3 — Crust: Greenwood
  • C4 — Crust: Ahrens (Taylor)
  • C5 — Crust: Ahrens (Wänke)
  • C6 — Crust: Ahrens (Weaver)
  • U1 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Taylor)
  • U2 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Shaw)
More information Element, C1 ...
Mass fraction, in kg/kg
Element C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 U1 U2
01 H hydrogen 1.40×10−3 1.520×10−3
02 He helium 8×10−9
03 Li lithium 2.0×10−5 2.0×10−5 1.8×10−5 1.3×10−5 1.37×10−5 2.0×10−5 2.2×10−5
04 Be beryllium 2.8×10−6 2.0×10−6 2×10−6 1.500×10−6 3.000×10−6
05 B boron 1.0×10−5 7.0×10−6 9×10−6 1.0000×10−5 1.5000×10−5
06 C carbon 2.00×10−4 1.80×10−4 3.76×10−3
07 N nitrogen 1.9×10−5 2.0×10−5 1.9×10−5
08 O oxygen 4.61×10−1 3.7×10−1 4.55000×10−1
09 F fluorine 5.85×10−4 4.6×10−4 5.44×10−4 5.25×10−4
10 Ne neon 5×10−9
11 Na sodium 2.36×10−2 2.3×10−2 2.2700×10−2 2.3000×10−2 2.4400×10−2 3.1000×10−2 2.89×10−2 2.57×10−2
12 Mg magnesium 2.33×10−2 2.8×10−2 2.7640×10−2 3.20×10−2 2.37×10−2 1.69×10−2 1.33×10−2 1.35×10−2
13 Al aluminium 8.23×10−2 8.0×10−2 8.3000×10−2 8.4100×10−2 8.3050×10−2 8.5200×10−2 8.0400×10−2 7.7400×10−2
14 Si silicon 2.82×10−1 2.7×10−1 2.72000×10−1 2.677×10−1 2.81×10−1 2.95×10−1 3.08×10−1 3.04×10−1
15 P phosphorus 1.05×10−3 1.0×10−3 1.120×10−3 7.63×10−4 8.30×10−4
16 S sulfur 3.50×10−4 3.0×10−4 3.40×10−4 8.81×10−4
17 Cl chlorine 1.45×10−4 1.9×10−4 1.26×10−4 1.900×10−3
18 Ar argon 3.5×10−6
19 K potassium 2.09×10−2 1.7×10−2 1.8400×10−2 9.100×10−3 1.7600×10−2 1.7000×10−2 2.8000×10−2 2.5700×10−2
20 Ca calcium 4.15×10−2 5.1×10−2 4.6600×10−2 5.2900×10−2 4.9200×10−2 3.4000×10−2 3.0000×10−2 2.9500×10−2
21 Sc scandium 2.2×10−5 2.2×10−5 2.5×10−5 3.0×10−5 2.14×10−5 1.1×10−5 7×10−6
22 Ti titanium 5.65×10−3 8.6×10−3 6.320×10−3 5.400×10−3 5.250×10−3 3.600×10−3 3.000×10−3 3.120×10−3
23 V vanadium 1.20×10−4 1.7×10−4 1.36×10−4 2.30×10−4 1.34×10−4 6.0×10−5 5.3×10−5
24 Cr chromium 1.02×10−4 9.6×10−5 1.22×10−4 1.85×10−4 1.46×10−4 5.6×10−5 3.5×10−5 3.5×10−5
25 Mn manganese 9.50×10−4 1.0×10−3 1.060×10−3 1.400×10−3 8.47×10−4 1.000×10−3 6.00×10−4 5.27×10−4
26 Fe iron 5.63×10−2 5.8×10−2 6.2000×10−2 7.07×10−2 4.92×10−2 3.8×10−2 3.50×10−2 3.09×10−2
27 Co cobalt 2.5×10−5 2.8×10−5 2.9×10−5 2.9×10−5 2.54×10−5 1.0×10−5 1.2×10−5
28 Ni nickel 8.4×10−5 7.2×10−5 9.9×10−5 1.05×10−4 6.95×10−5 3.5×10−5 2×10−5 1.9×10−5
29 Cu copper 6.0×10−5 5.8×10−5 6.8×10−5 7.5×10−5 4.7×10−5 2.5×10−5 1.4×10−5
30 Zn zinc 7.0×10−5 8.2×10−5 7.6×10−5 8.0×10−5 7.6×10−5 7.1×10−5 5.2×10−5
31 Ga gallium 1.9×10−5 1.7×10−5 1.9×10−5 1.8×10−5 1.86×10−5 1.7×10−5 1.4×10−5
32 Ge germanium 1.5×10−6 1.3×10−6 1.5×10−6 1.6×10−6 1.32×10−6 1.6×10−6
33 As arsenic 1.8×10−6 2.0×10−6 1.8×10−6 1.0×10−6 2.03×10−6 1.5×10−6
34 Se selenium 5×10−8 5×10−8 5×10−8 5×10−8 1.53×10−7 5×10−8
35 Br bromine 2.4×10−6 4.0×10−6 2.5×10−6 6.95×10−6
36 Kr krypton 1×10−10
37 Rb rubidium 9.0×10−5 7.0×10−5 7.8×10−5 3.2×10−5 7.90×10−5 6.1×10−5 1.12×10−4 1.10×10−4
38 Sr strontium 3.70×10−4 4.5×10−4 3.84×10−4 2.60×10−4 2.93×10−4 5.03×10−4 3.50×10−4 3.16×10−4
39 Y yttrium 3.3×10−5 3.5×10−7 3.1×10−5 2.0×10−5 1.4×10−5 2.2×10−5 2.1×10−5
40 Zr zirconium 1.65×10−4 1.4×10−4 1.62×10−4 1.00×10−4 2.10×10−4 1.90×10−4 2.40×10−4
41 Nb niobium 2.0×10−5 2.0×10−5 2.0×10−5 1.1000×10−5 1.3000×10−5 2.5000×10−5 2.6000×10−5
42 Mo molybdenum 1.2×10−6 1.2×10−6 1.2×10−6 1.000×10−6 1.500×10−6
43 Tc technetium
44 Ru ruthenium 1×10−9 1×10−10
45 Rh rhodium 1×10−9 1×10−10
46 Pd palladium 1.5×10−8 3×10−9 1.5×10−8 1.0×10−9 5×10−10
47 Ag silver 7.5×10−8 8×10−8 8×10−8 8.0×10−8 6.95×10−8 5.0×10−8
48 Cd cadmium 1.5×10−7 1.8×10−7 1.6×10−7 9.8×10−8 1.00×10−7 9.8×10−8
49 In indium 2.5×10−7 2×10−7 2.4×10−7 5.0×10−8 6.95×10−8 5.0×10−8
50 Sn tin 2.3×10−6 1.5×10−6 2.1×10−6 2.500×10−6 5.500×10−6
51 Sb antimony 2×10−7 2×10−7 2×10−7 2.00×10−7 2.03×10−7 2.00×10−7
52 Te tellurium 1×10−9 1×10−9 2.03×10−9
53 I iodine 4.5×10−7 5×10−7 4.6×10−7 1.540×10−6
54 Xe xenon 3×10−11
55 Cs caesium 3×10−6 1.6×10−6 2.6×10−6 1.000×10−6 1.310×10−6 3.700×10−6
56 Ba barium 4.25×10−4 3.8×10−4 3.90×10−4 2.50000×10−4 5.42000×10−4 7.07000×10−4 5.50000×10−4 1.070000×10−3
57 La lanthanum 3.9×10−5 5.0×10−5 3.5×10−5 1.6000×10−5 2.9000×10−5 2.8000×10−5 3.0000×10−5 3.200×10−6
58 Ce cerium 6.65×10−5 8.3×10−5 6.6×10−5 3.3000×10−5 5.4200×10−5 5.7000×10−5 6.4000×10−5 6.5000×10−5
59 Pr praseodymium 9.2×10−6 1.3×10−5 9.1×10−6 3.900×10−6 7.100×10−6
60 Nd neodymium 4.15×10−5 4.4×10−5 4.0×10−5 1.6000×10−5 2.5400×10−5 2.3000×10−5 2.6000×10−5 2.6000×10−5
61 Pm promethium
62 Sm samarium 7.05×10−6 7.7×10−6 7.0×10−6 3.500×10−6 5.590×10−6 4.100×10−6 4.500×10−6 4.500×10−6
63 Eu europium 2.0×10−6 2.2×10−6 2.1×10−6 1.100×10−6 1.407×10−6 1.090×10−6 8.80×10−7 9.40×10−7
64 Gd gadolinium 6.2×10−6 6.3×10−6 6.1×10−6 3.300×10−6 8.140×10−6 3.800×10−6 2.800×10−6
65 Tb terbium 1.2×10−6 1.0×10−6 1.2×10−6 6.00×10−7 1.020×10−6 5.30×10−7 6.40×10−7 4.80×10−7
66 Dy dysprosium 5.2×10−6 8.5×10−6 3.700×10−6 6.102×10−6 3.500×10−6
67 Ho holmium 1.3×10−6 1.6×10−6 1.3×10−6 7.80×10−7 1.860×10−6 8.00×10−7 6.20×10−7
68 Er erbium 3.5×10−6 3.6×10−6 3.5×10−6 2.200×10−6 3.390×10−6 2.300×10−6
69 Tm thulium 5.2×10−7 5.2×10−7 5×10−7 3.20×10−7 2.40×10−7 3.30×10−7
70 Yb ytterbium 3.2×10−6 3.4×10−6 3.1×10−6 2.200×10−6 3.390×10−6 1.530×10−6 2.200×10−6 1.500×10−6
71 Lu lutetium 8×10−7 8×10−7 3.00×10−7 5.76×10−7 2.30×10−7 3.20×10−7 2.30×10−7
72 Hf hafnium 3.0×10−6 4×10−6 2.8×10−6 3.000×10−6 3.460×10−6 4.700×10−6 5.800×10−6 5.800×10−6
73 Ta tantalum 2.0×10−6 2.4×10−6 1.7×10−6 1.000×10−6 2.203×10−6 2.200×10−6
74 W tungsten 1.25×10−6 1.0×10−6 1.2×10−6 1.000×10−6 1.310×10−6 2.000×10−6
75 Re rhenium 7×10−10 4×10−10 7×10−10 5×10−10 1.02×10−9 5×10−10
76 Os osmium 1.5×10−9 2×10−10 5×10−9 1.02×10−9
77 Ir iridium 1×10−9 2×10−10 1×10−9 1×10−10 1.02×10−9 2×10−11
78 Pt platinum 5×10−9 1×10−8
79 Au gold 4×10−9 2×10−9 4×10−9 3.0×10−9 4.07×10−9 1.8×10−9
80 Hg mercury 8.5×10−8 2×10−8 8×10−8
81 Tl thallium 8.5×10−7 4.7×10−7 7×10−7 3.60×10−7 7.50×10−7 5.20×10−7
82 Pb lead 1.4×10−5 1.0×10−5 1.3×10−5 8.000×10−6 1.5000×10−5 2.0000×10−5 1.7000×10−5
83 Bi bismuth 8.5×10−9 4×10−9 8×10−9 6.0×10−8 1.27×10−7
84 Po polonium 2×10−16
85 At astatine
86 Rn radon 4×10−19
87 Fr francium
88 Ra radium 9×10−13
89 Ac actinium 5.5×10−16
90 Th thorium 9.6×10−6 5.8×10−6 8.1×10−6 3.500×10−6 5.700×10−6 1.0700×10−5 1.0000×10−5
91 Pa protactinium 1.4×10−12
92 U uranium 2.7×10−6 1.6×10−6 2.3×10−6 9.10×10−7 1.200×10−6 1.300×10−6 2.800×10−6 2.500×10−6
93 Np neptunium
94 Pu plutonium
Close

Urban soils

The established abundances of chemical elements in urban soils can be considered a geochemical (ecological and geochemical) characteristic, the accumulated impact of technogenic and natural processes at the beginning of the 21st century. The figures estimate average concentrations of chemical elements in the soils of more than 300 cities and settlements in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and America.[1] Regardless of significant differences between abundances of several elements in urban soils and those values calculated for the Earth's crust, the element abundances in urban soils generally reflect those in the Earth's crust. With the development of technology the abundances may be refined.

Mass fraction, in mg/kg (ppm).

More information Element, Atomic number ...
Element Atomic number Abundance in urban soils
Ag470.37
Al1338200
As3315.9
B545
Ba56853.12
Be43.3
Bi831.12
C645100
Ca2053800
Cd480.9
Cl17285
Co2714.1
Cr2480
Cs555.0
Cu2939
Fe2622300
Ga3116.2
Ge321.8
H115000
Hg800.88
K1913400
La5734
Li349.5
Mg127900
Mn25729
Mo422.4
N710000
Na115800
Nb4115.7
Ni2833
O8490000
P151200
Pb8254.5
Rb3758
S161200
Sb511.0
Sc219.4
Si14289000
Sn506.8
Sr38458
Ta731.5
Ti224758
Tl811.1
V23104.9
W742.9
Y3923.4
Yb702.4
Zn30158
Zr40255.6
Close

Sea water

  • W1 — CRC Handbook
  • W2 — Kaye & Laby

Mass concentration, in kg/L. (The average density of sea water in the surface is 1.025 kg/L)

More information Element, W1 ...
Element W1 W2
1 H hydrogen 1.08×10−1 1.1×10−1
2 He helium 7×10−12 7.2×10−12
3 Li lithium 1.8×10−7 1.7×10−7
4 Be beryllium 5.6×10−12 6×10−13
5 B boron 4.44×10−6 4.4×10−6
6 C carbon 2.8×10−5 2.8×10−5
7 N nitrogen 5×10−7 1.6×10−5
8 O oxygen 8.57×10−1 8.8×10−1
9 F fluorine 1.3×10−6 1.3×10−6
10 Ne neon 1.2×10−10 1.2×10−10
11 Na sodium 1.08×10−2 1.1×10−2
12 Mg magnesium 1.29×10−3 1.3×10−3
13 Al aluminium 2×10−9 1×10−9
14 Si silicon 2.2×10−6 2.9×10−6
15 P phosphorus 6×10−8 8.8×10−8
16 S sulfur 9.05×10−4 9.0×10−4
17 Cl chlorine 1.94×10−2 1.9×10−2
18 Ar argon 4.5×10−7 4.5×10−7
19 K potassium 3.99×10−4 3.9×10−4
20 Ca calcium 4.12×10−4 4.1×10−4
21 Sc scandium 6×10−13 < 4×10−12
22 Ti titanium 1×10−9 1×10−9
23 V vanadium 2.5×10−9 1.9×10−9
24 Cr chromium 3×10−10 2×10−10
25 Mn manganese 2×10−10 1.9×10−9
26 Fe iron 2×10−9 3.4×10−9
27 Co cobalt 2×10−11 3.9×10−10
28 Ni nickel 5.6×10−10 6.6×10−9
29 Cu copper 2.5×10−10 2.3×10−8
30 Zn zinc 4.9×10−9 1.1×10−8
31 Ga gallium 3×10−11 3×10−11
32 Ge germanium 5×10−11 6×10−11
33 As arsenic 3.7×10−9 2.6×10−9
34 Se selenium 2×10−10 9.0×10−11
35 Br bromine 6.73×10−5 6.7×10−5
36 Kr krypton 2.1×10−10 2.1×10−10
37 Rb rubidium 1.2×10−7 1.2×10−7
38 Sr strontium 7.9×10−6 8.1×10−6
39 Y yttrium 1.3×10−11 1.3×10−12
40 Zr zirconium 3×10−11 2.6×10−11
41 Nb niobium 1×10−11 1.5×10−11
42 Mo molybdenum 1×10−8 1.0×10−8
43 Tc technetium
44 Ru ruthenium 7×10−13
45 Rh rhodium
46 Pd palladium
47 Ag silver 4×10−11 2.8×10−10
48 Cd cadmium 1.1×10−10 1.1×10−10
49 In indium 2×10−8
50 Sn tin 4×10−12 8.1×10−10
51 Sb antimony 2.4×10−10 3.3×10−10
52 Te tellurium
53 I iodine 6×10−8 6.4×10−8
54 Xe xenon 5×10−11 4.7×10−11
55 Cs caesium 3×10−10 3.0×10−10
56 Ba barium 1.3×10−8 2.1×10−8
57 La lanthanum 3.4×10−12 3.4×10−12
58 Ce cerium 1.2×10−12 1.2×10−12
59 Pr praseodymium 6.4×10−13 6.4×10−13
60 Nd neodymium 2.8×10−12 2.8×10−12
61 Pm promethium
62 Sm samarium 4.5×10−13 4.5×10−13
63 Eu europium 1.3×10−13 1.3×10−13
64 Gd gadolinium 7×10−13 7.0×10−13
65 Tb terbium 1.4×10−13 1.4×10−12
66 Dy dysprosium 9.1×10−13 9.1×10−13
67 Ho holmium 2.2×10−13 2.2×10−13
68 Er erbium 8.7×10−13 8.7×10−12
69 Tm thulium 1.7×10−13 1.7×10−13
70 Yb ytterbium 8.2×10−13 8.2×10−13
71 Lu lutetium 1.5×10−13 1.5×10−13
72 Hf hafnium 7×10−12 < 8×10−12
73 Ta tantalum 2×10−12 < 2.5×10−12
74 W tungsten 1×10−10 < 1×10−12
75 Re rhenium 4×10−12
76 Os osmium
77 Ir iridium
78 Pt platinum
79 Au gold 4×10−12 1.1×10−11
80 Hg mercury 3×10−11 1.5×10−10
81 Tl thallium 1.9×10−11
82 Pb lead 3×10−11 3×10−11
83 Bi bismuth 2×10−11 2×10−11
84 Po polonium 1.5×10−20
85 At astatine
86 Rn radon 6×10−22
87 Fr francium
88 Ra radium 8.9×10−17
89 Ac actinium
90 Th thorium 1×10−12 1.5×10−12
91 Pa protactinium 5×10−17
92 U uranium 3.2×10−9 3.3×10−9
93 Np neptunium
94 Pu plutonium
Close

Sun and Solar System

  • S1 — Sun: Kaye & Laby
  • Y1 — Solar System: Kaye & Laby
  • Y2 — Solar System: Ahrens, with (uncertainty %)

Atom mole fraction relative to silicon = 1.

More information Element, S1 ...
Element S1 Y1 Y2
01 H hydrogen 2.8×104 2.8×104* 2.79×104
02 He helium 2.7×103 2.7×103* 2.72×103
03 Li lithium 4.0×10−7 5.7×10−5 5.71×10−5 (9.2%)
04 Be beryllium 4.0×10−7 7.0×10−7 7.30×10−7 (9.5%)
05 B boron 1.1×10−5 2.1×10−5 2.12×10−5 (10%)
06 C carbon 1.0×101 1.0×101* 1.01×101
07 N nitrogen 3.1×100 3.1×100* 3.13×100
08 O oxygen 2.4×101 2.4×101* 2.38×101 (10%)
09 F fluorine about 1.0×10−3 8.5×10−4 8.43×10−4 (15%)
10 Ne neon 3.0×100 3.0×100* 3.44×100 (14%)
11 Na sodium 6.0×10−2 5.7×10−2 5.74×10−2 (7.1%)
12 Mg magnesium 1.0×100 1.1×100 1.074×100 (3.8%)
13 Al aluminium 8.3×10−2 8.5×10−2 8.49×10−2 (3.6%)
14 Si silicon 1.0×100 1.0×100 1.0×100 (4.4%)
15 P phosphorus 8.0×10−3 1.0×10−2 1.04×10−2 (10%)
16 S sulfur 4.5×10−1 5.2×10−1 5.15×10−1 (13%)
17 Cl chlorine about 9.0×10−3 5.2×10−3 5.24×10−3 (15%)
18 Ar argon 1.0×10−1* 1.0×10−1* 1.01×10−1 (6%)
19 K potassium 3.7×10−3 3.8×10−3 3.77×10−3 (7.7%)
20 Ca calcium 6.4×10−2 6.1×10−2 6.11×10−2 (7.1%)
21 Sc scandium 3.5×10−5 3.4×10−5 3.42×10−5 (8.6%)
22 Ti titanium 2.7×10−3 2.4×10−3 2.40×10−3 (5.0%)
23 V vanadium 2.8×10−4 2.9×10−4 2.93×10−4 (5.1%)
24 Cr chromium 1.3×10−2 1.3×10−2 1.35×10−2 (7.6%)
25 Mn manganese 6.9×10−3 9.5×10−3 9.55×10−3 (9.6%)
26 Fe iron 9.0×10−1 9.0×10−1 9.00×10−1 (2.7%)
27 Co cobalt 2.3×10−3 2.3×10−3 2.25×10−3 (6.6%)
28 Ni nickel 5.0×10−2 5.0×10−2 4.93×10−2 (5.1%)
29 Cu copper 4.5×10−4 5.2×10−4 5.22×10−4 (11%)
30 Zn zinc 1.1×10−3 1.3×10−3 1.26×10−3 (4.4%)
31 Ga gallium 2.1×10−5 3.8×10−5 3.78×10−5 (6.9%)
32 Ge germanium 7.2×10−5 1.2×10−4 1.19×10−4 (9.6%)
33 As arsenic 6.6×10−6 6.56×10−6 (12%)
34 Se selenium 6.3×10−5 6.21×10−5 (6.4%)
35 Br bromine 1.2×10−5 1.18×10−5 (19%)
36 Kr krypton 4.8×10−5 4.50×10−5 (18%)
37 Rb rubidium 1.1×10−5 7.0×10−6 7.09×10−6 (6.6%)
38 Sr strontium 2.2×10−5 2.4×10−5 2.35×10−5 (8.1%)
39 Y yttrium 4.9×10−6 4.6×10−6 4.64×10−6 (6.0%)
40 Zr zirconium 1.12×10−5 1.14×10−5 1.14×10−5 (6.4%)
41 Nb niobium 7.0×10−7 7.0×10−7 6.98×10−7 (1.4%)
42 Mo molybdenum 2.3×10−6 2.6×10−6 2.55×10−6 (5.5%)
43 Tc technetium
44 Ru ruthenium 1.9×10−6 1.9×10−6 1.86×10−6 (5.4%)
45 Rh rhodium 4.0×10−7 3.4×10−7 3.44×10−7 (8%)
46 Pd palladium 1.4×10−6 1.4×10−6 1.39×10−6 (6.6%)
47 Ag silver about 2.0×10−7 4.9×10−7 4.86×10−7 (2.9%)
48 Cd cadmium 2.0×10−6 1.6×10−6 1.61×10−6 (6.5%)
49 In indium about 1.3×10−6 1.9×10−7 1.84×10−7 (6.4%)
50 Sn tin about 3.0×10−6 3.9×10−6 3.82×10−6 (9.4%)
51 Sb antimony about 3.0×10−7 3.1×10−7 3.09×10−7 (18%)
52 Te tellurium 4.9×10−6 4.81×10−6 (10%)
53 I iodine 9.0×10−7 9.00×10−7 (21%)
54 Xe xenon 4.8×10−6 4.70×10−6 (20%)
55 Cs caesium 3.7×10−7 3.72×10−7 (5.6%)
56 Ba barium 3.8×10−6 4.5×10−6 4.49×10−6 (6.3%)
57 La lanthanum 5.0×10−7 4.4×10−7 4.46×10−7 (2.0%)
58 Ce cerium 1.0×10−6 1.1×10−6 1.136×10−6 (1.7%)
59 Pr praseodymium 1.4×10−7 1.7×10−7 1.669×10−7 (2.4%)
60 Nd neodymium 9.0×10−7 8.3×10−7 8.279×10−7 (1.3%)
61 Pm promethium
62 Sm samarium 3.0×10−7 2.6×10−7 2.582×10−7 (1.3%)
63 Eu europium 9.0×10−8 9.7×10−8 9.73×10−8 (1.6%)
64 Gd gadolinium 3.7×10−7 3.3×10−7 3.30×10−7 (1.4%)
65 Tb terbium about 2.0×10−8 6.0×10−8 6.03×10−8 (2.2%)
66 Dy dysprosium 3.5×10−7 4.0×10−7 3.942×10−7 (1.4%)
67 Ho holmium about 5.0×10−8 8.9×10−8 8.89×10−8 (2.4%)
68 Er erbium 2.4×10−7 2.5×10−7 2.508×10−7 (1.3%)
69 Tm thulium about 3.0×10−8 3.8×10−8 3.78×10−8 (2.3%)
70 Yb ytterbium 3.4×10−7 2.5×10−7 2.479×10−7 (1.6%)
71 Lu lutetium about 1.5×10−7 3.7×10−8 3.67×10−8 (1.3%)
72 Hf hafnium 2.1×10−7 1.5×10−7 1.54×10−7 (1.9%)
73 Ta tantalum 3.8×10−8 2.07×10−8 (1.8%)
74 W tungsten about 3.6×10−7 1.3×10−7 1.33×10−7 (5.1%)
75 Re rhenium 5.0×10−8 5.17×10−8 (9.4%)
76 Os osmium 8.0×10−7 6.7×10−7 6.75×10−7 (6.3%)
77 Ir iridium 6.0×10−7 6.6×10−7 6.61×10−7 (6.1%)
78 Pt platinum about 1.8×10−6 1.34×10−6 1.34×10−6 (7.4%)
79 Au gold about 3.0×10−7 1.9×10−7 1.87×10−7 (15%)
80 Hg mercury 3.4×10−7 3.40×10−7 (12%)
81 Tl thallium about 2.0×10−7 1.9×10−7 1.84×10−7 (9.4%)
82 Pb lead 2.0×10−6 3.1×10−6 3.15×10−6 (7.8%)
83 Bi bismuth 1.4×10−7 1.44×10−7 (8.2%)
84 Po polonium
85 At astatine
86 Rn radon
87 Fr francium
88 Ra radium
89 Ac actinium
90 Th thorium 5.0×10−8 4.5×10−8 3.35×10−8 (5.7%)
91 Pa protactinium
92 U uranium 1.8×10−8 9.00×10−9 (8.4%)
93 Np neptunium
94 Pu plutonium
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See also

Notes

Due to the estimate nature of these values, no single recommendations are given. All values are normalized for these tables. Underlined zeroes indicate figures of indeterminable significance that were present in the source notation.

References

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