Active immunotherapy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Active immunotherapy | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Immunology |
Active immunotherapy is a type of immunotherapy that aims to stimulate the host's immune system or a specific immune response to a disease or pathogen and is most commonly used in cancer treatments.[1][2] Active immunotherapy is also used for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, prion disease, and multiple sclerosis.[3] Active immunotherapies induce an immune response through direct immune system stimulation, while immunotherapies that administer antibodies directly to the system are classified as passive immunotherapies.[4] Active immunotherapies can elicit generic and specific immune responses depending on the goal of the treatment.[5] The categories of active immunotherapy divide into:
- Non-specific active immunotherapy: generating a general immune system response using cytokines and other cell signaling molecules.[6]
- Specific active immunotherapy: the generation of cell-mediated and antibody immune responses focused on specific antigens expressed by the cancer cells, typically using a vaccine platform.[5]
Active immunotherapies fall under the category of activation immunotherapies, which is a subset of immunotherapies that activate the immune system as opposed immunotherapies that suppress the immune system.
Cytokines
Non-specific active immunotherapy is administered with the overall goal of generally eliminating malignant pathogens or cells from the host system.[5] This treatment stimulates the immune system in a general sense, rather than specifically targeting a cell type e.g. cancer cells. Non-specific approaches aim to create a robust immune response that would lead to the eventual killing of malignant cells through immunomodulators such as cytokines.[6]
Immunomodulating agents regulate the immune system's response and are produced by various immune cells. These agents include the following agents and markers:
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Cytokines | Ig, Interferons, TNF |
| Chemokines | CXC, CC, CX3C, XC |
| Interleukins | IL-2, IL-7, 1L-10, 1L-12 |
BCG Vaccine
The BCG vaccine has been used against tuberculosis, mycobacteria, and various cancers in the form of vaccination as an initial immune system stimulant.[7] In cancer, the anti-tumor immunological effects are elicited by the host's immune response and the BCG infection against the tumor cells, most commonly in bladder cancer.[7] The immune activation allows for further recognition and elimination of malignant tumor cells.[7]