Agostinho Neto

Angolan politics

In December 1956, the Angolan Communist Party (PCA) merged with the Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola (PLUAA) to form the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola with Viriato da Cruz, the President of the PCA, as Secretary General and Neto as president.^[3][4]

The Portuguese authorities in Angola arrested Neto on 8 June 1960. His patients and supporters marched for his release from Bengo to Catete, but were stopped when Portuguese soldiers shot at them, killing 30 and wounding 200 in what became known as the Massacre of Ícolo e Bengo.^[4] At first Portugal's government exiled Neto to Cape Verde. Then, once more, he was sent to jail in Lisbon. After international protests were made to Salazar's administration urging Neto's release, Neto was freed from prison and put under house arrest. From this he escaped, going first to Morocco and then to Congo-Léopoldville.^[1] During this period, he adopted his war name and pseudonym as a writer, Manguxi Kilamba, a Kimbundu language term meaning "immortal guide," "conductor of the spirit of the people," or "wisest among men".^[5] The name Kilamba would become part of his given name starting in 1976.^[6]

In 1962, Neto visited Washington, D.C., and asked the Kennedy administration for aid in his war against Portugal. The U.S. government turned him down, because it had oil interests in colonial Angola, choosing instead to support Holden Roberto's comparatively anti-Communist National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA).^[7]

In 1965, Neto met Che Guevara and began receiving support from Cuba.^[8] He visited Havana several times, and he and Fidel Castro shared similar ideological views.^[9]

In February 1973, Neto and MPLA visited Romania to meet with President Nicolae Ceaușescu on a four day official trip between the 12–16 February, to discuss political matters in Africa.^[10] On the 17th of February Neto visited Bulgaria^[2] along with Lucio Lara, Ruth Neto and other party officials where he would also seek support from the Bulgarian authorities, as well meeting with some of the MPLA students in Bulgaria amongst them was also Dino Matrosse – who later would become the MPLA General Secretary. The MPLA delegation will then continue with their official trip to Yugoslavia on the 18–22 February to meet with President Josip Broz Tito.^[11] Agostinho Neto spends most of his time in 1973 in Europe, where he visits Oslo, in Norway, and on the 2nd of July he is in Geneva. The same year on the 15–16 July 1973 Tito and Ceausescu meet in Yugoslavia to discuss the situation in Angola,^[12] whilst the leader of MPLA attended the 17–19 July 1973 for the Bulgarian Communist Party Plenum Committee,^[13] joined by his sister Ruth Neto and Dino Matrosse, who was studying engineering in Bulgaria.^[14]

Following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal during April 1974 (which deposed Salazar's successor Marcelo Caetano), three political factions vied for Angolan power. One of the three was the MPLA, to which Neto belonged. On 11 November 1975, Angola achieved full independence from the Portuguese, and Neto became the nation's ruler after the MPLA seized Luanda at the expense of the other anti-colonial movements. He established a one-party state and his government developed close links with the Soviet Union and other nations in the Eastern Bloc and other Communist states, particularly Cuba, which aided the MPLA considerably in its war with the FNLA, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and South Africa. Neto made the MPLA declare Marxism-Leninism its official doctrine. As a consequence, he violently repressed a movement later called Fractionism which in 1977 attempted a coup d'état inspired by the Organização dos Comunistas de Angola. In December 1977 at their first congress, they changed their name to MPLA-PT (MPLA Partido do Trabalho) officially adopting the Marxist-Leninist ideology, requested by Nito Alves.^[15] Tens of thousands of followers (or alleged followers) of Nito Alves were executed in the aftermath of the attempted coup, over a period that lasted up to two years, although Agostinho Neto only ratified the death sentence of Nito Alves. After corresponding with several relatives of the disappeared, Neto decided to dissolve the Directorate of Information and Security for the "excesses" they had committed.^{[16][self-published source?]}

According to his sons, President Neto never assigned business or privileges to them, suggesting that despite a controversial presidency he never forgot his humble origins.^[17]

Author

Agostinho Neto's poetic works were written chiefly between 1946 and 1960, largely in Portugal. He published three books of poetry during his lifetime. Several of his poems became national anthems.^[18] Poems included collections like Sacred Hope, which was published in 1974 (Titled Dry Eyes in the Portuguese Version). He was also the first member voted into the Anglo Writers Union and The Center for African Studies in Lisbon. He was later awarded the Lotus Prize presented by the Conference of Afro-Asian Writers.^[19]