Al-Burda
Poem in praise of Muhammad
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Qasīdat al-Burda (Arabic: قصيدة البردة, "Ode of the Mantle"), or al-Burda for short, is a thirteenth-century ode of praise for Muhammad composed by the Shadhili mystic al-Busiri of Egypt. The poem, whose actual title is "The Celestial Lights in Praise of the Best of Creation" (Arabic: الكواكب الدرية في مدح خير البرية, romanized: al-Kawākib al-durriyya fī Madḥ Khayr al-Bariyya), is famous mainly in the Muslim world. It is entirely in praise of Muhammad, who is said to have been praised ceaselessly by the afflicted poet, to the point that Muhammad appeared in a dream and wrapped him in a mantle or cloak; in the morning the poet discovers that God has cured him.[3][4]
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Bānat Suʿād, a poem composed by Ka'b ibn Zuhayr was originally called Al-Burda. He recited this poem in front of Muhammad after embracing Islam. Muhammad was so moved that he removed his mantle and wrapped it over him. The original Burdah is not as famous as the one composed by al-Busiri even though Muhammad had physically wrapped his mantle over Ka'b, not in a dream like in the case of al-Busiri.
Composition
The Burda is divided into ten chapters and 160 verses, each rhyming with the other. Interspersing the verses is the refrain, "My Patron, confer blessings and peace continuously and eternally on Your Beloved, the Best of All Creation" (Arabic: مولاي صل وسلم دائما أبدا على حبيبك خير الخلق كلهم). Each verse ends with the Arabic letter mīm, a style called mīmiyya. The ten chapters of the Burda comprise:
- On Lyrical love yearnly
- On Warnings about the Caprices of the Self
- On the Praise of the Prophet
- On His Birth
- On His Miracles
- On the Exalted Stature and Miraculous Merits of the Qur'an
- On the Ascension of the Prophet
- On the Struggle of God's Messenger
- On Seeking Intercession through the Prophet
- On Intimate Discourse and the Petition of One's State.
Popularity
Sufis have traditionally venerated the poem.[citation needed] It is memorized and recited in congregations, and its verses decorate the walls of public buildings and mosques.[citation needed] This poem decorated Prophet's Mosque in Medina for centuries but was erased except for two lines.[5] Over 90 commentaries have been written on this poem.[citation needed] It has been translated by Timothy Winter into English.[6] It has been additionally translated into Persian, Turkish, the Berber languages, Urdu, Punjabi, French, German, Sindhi, Saraiki, Hausa, Norwegian, Chinese (called Tianfangshijing), and other languages.[citation needed] It is known and recited by a large number of Muslims, ordinarily and on special occasions, such as Mawlid, making it one of the most recited poems in the world.[citation needed]
Legacy
The Burda was accepted within Sufi Islam and was the subject of numerous commentaries by mainstream Sufi scholars[7] such as Ibn Hajar al-Haytami,[8] Nazifi[8] and Qastallani[9] It was also studied by the Shafi'i hadith master Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852 A.H.) both by reading the text out loud to his teacher and by receiving it in writing from a transmitter who heard it directly from Busiri himself.[10]
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab considered the poem to be shirk (idolatory).[11]
Al-Burda was the inspiration behind Ahmad Shawqi's poem, Nahj al-Burda which follows a similar style.
The latest major work in the Burda quasi-genre is Tamim al-Barghouti's Burdat Tamim, which was written in November and December 2010, first published in 2013, and reorganized in 2020 as a five-part video series: the first three parts explain the three previous Burdas (Ka'b, al-Busiri, Shawqi), and the last two parts introduce Barghouti's Burda and explain the rationale behind its composition.[12][13][14]