Hejaz

The rise of the oasis cities

The history of the Hejaz has often centred around its major oasis cities, especially Yathrib (Medina), Fadak, Khaybar, Taymah, and Al-Ula. These cities benefited from regular access to water, and became major trading cities as early as the Bronze Age, especially with the domestication of the dromedary camel that allowed for long-distance trade, and the rise of the incense trade that demanded the movement of incense, spices and other luxury goods into the Eastern Mediterranean from South Arabia, passing through the Hejaz along the way.^[23]

Lihyan/Dedan (5th century BCE — 1st century BCE)

The Kingdom of Lihyan ruled from the northwestern Hejaz, including its oasis cities like Tayma, down the western coast, up until a place somewhere in the region between Mecca and Medina. Their capital was at the city of Dedan, located in the Al-Ula oasis, after which the Dadanitic script is named.^[24]

Lihyan ultimately fell, but it is not known whether this was due to direct conquest by the Nabataean Kingdom. Either way, the Nabataeans went on to occupy the northwestern Hejazi territory, from the 1st century BCE, until their own annexation by the Roman Empire in the time of Trajan in 106 CE.^[25]

Thamud confederation (8th century BC — 5th century CE)

The Thamud are among the most notable of the Hejazi tribal confederations. They were based in the northwestern Hejaz with their center at Hegra. They are attested in texts from the eighth century BCE until the fifth century CE, in Mesopotamian, Classical, and Arabian sources. They are famously remembered in pre-Islamic poetry and the Quran. The Quran mentions them 26 times, as a polytheistic people destroyed by God for their rejection of the prophet Salih.^[26]

Ghassanid confederation (3rd century CE — 4th century CE)

Christian J. Robin's study of pre-Islamic epigraphy has suggested that between the third and fourth centuries CE, the Ghassanids were the main tribal confederation acting in the Hejaz, with a base that may have been stationed at Medina. The period of Ghassanid domination of this region ended when the Banu Ghassan migrated northwards, into the territory of Syria, which would remain their main base of operations until Islamic times.^[27]

Mudar confederation and the Jewish tribes of Arabia (5th century CE — 7th century CE)

After the Ghassanids migrated out of the Hejaz, the Mudar confederation became the main power actors in Western Arabia. They may have been subservient to the confederation of Ma'add (based in Central Arabia) and the Kingdom of Himyar (based in South Arabia). Their territory fell on the western coast of Arabia, from Himyar to the south, to the territory of the Ghassanids to the north who, on account of the Byzantines, had projected their power into the northwestern Hejaz in the sixth century, up to the territory of Palaestina Salutaris (formerly Arabia Petraea).^[27][28]

The most well-known tribe of Mudar, today, is the Quraysh, rulers of Mecca (after the Jurhum) and the care-takers of the Kaaba and its pilgrimage rites. Over the course of the sixth century, tradition describes Quraysh's aspirations for expanding their hegemony in Arabia, forming trade agreements with nearby superpowers while exerting their growing influence on nearby regions.^[29]

The 5th–7th centuries also saw the rise of the Jewish tribes of Arabia, whose locus of power was also positioned along the western coast. These tribes occupied a similar geographic space to Mudar, while remaining distinct ethno-religious entities. In Al-Ula, the transition to a Jewish settlement appears to have taken please in the fifth century, and it remained this way until the rise of Islamic Arabia.^[30] Early in the time of the career of Muhammad in Medina, in 622 CE, Muhammad brokered a treaty between the local Arab and Jewish tribes, which today is called the Constitution of Medina.^[31]

Era of Muhammad

As the land of Mecca^[4] and Medina,^[5][6][7] the Hejaz was where Muhammad was born, and where he founded a Monotheistic Ummah of followers, bore patience with his foes or struggled against them, migrated from one place to another, preached or implemented his beliefs, lived and died. Given that he had both followers and enemies here, a number of battles or expeditions were carried out in this area, like those of Al-Aḥzāb ("The Confederates"), Badr^[32] and Ḥunayn. They involved both Makkan companions, such as Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Ubayda ibn al-Harith and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, and Madani companions.^{[5][33][34][35][36]} The Hejaz fell under Muhammad's influence as he emerged victorious over his opponents, and was thus a part of his empire.^{[11][37][38][39][40][41][42]}

• 
  Makkah Al Mukarramah Library near the Sacred Mosque. Because it is believed to be built on the spot where Amina bint Wahb gave birth to Muhammad, it is also known as Bayt al-Mawlid (House of the Birth).
• 
  Muhammad's Mosque in Medina, his place-of-residence after the Hijrah (Migration) from Mecca. Muhammad is buried underneath the Green Dome.

Era of Abraham and Ishmael

According to Arab and Islamic sources, the civilization of Mecca started after Ibrāhīm (Abraham) brought his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife Hājar (Hagar) here, for the latter two to stay. The Adnanites were a tribal confederation of the Ishmaelite Arabs, who trace their lineage back to Ishmael son of the Islamic prophet and patriarch Abraham and his wife Hagar through Adnan, who originate from the Hejaz.^[43] Some people from the Yemeni tribe of Jurhum settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing another, at least one of them from this tribe, and helped his father to construct or re-construct the Ka'bah,^[44][45][46] which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.^[11][12]

For example, in Arab or Islamic belief, the tribe of Quraysh would descend from Isma'il ibn Ibrahim, be based in the vicinity of the Ka'bah,^[47] and include Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf. From the Period of Jāhiliyyah ('Ignorance') to the days of Muhammad, the often-warring Arab tribes would cease their hostilities during the time of Pilgrimage,^[48] and go on pilgrimage to Mecca, as inspired by Ibrahim.^[46] It was during such an occasion that Muhammad met some Madanis who would allow him to migrate to Medina, to escape persecution by his opponents in Mecca.^{[37][49][38][39][33][34]}

• 
  Muslim pilgrims surrounding the Maqam (Station) of Ibrahim (Abraham) near the Kaaba in 2025
• 
  The Hateem (the empty section near Kaaba) where Isma'il (Ishmael) and Hajar (Hagar) dwelt

Era of Saleh

Saudi Arabia's and Hejaz's first World Heritage Site that was recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is that of Al-Hijr. The name Al-Ḥijr ("The Land of Stones" or "The Rocky Place") occurs in the Qur'an,^[50] and the site is known for having structures carved into rocks, similar to Petra.^[51][52] Construction of the structures is credited to the people of Thamud. The location is also called Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ ("Cities of Saleh"),^{[53][54][55][56][57][58]} as it is speculated to be the city in which the Islamic prophet Saleh was sent to the people of Thamud. After the disappearance of Thamud from Mada'in Saleh, it came under the influence of other people, such as the Nabataeans, whose capital was Petra. Later, it would lie in a route used by Muslim Pilgrims going to Mecca.^[59][60][61]

• 
  The rock-carved Qaṣr Al-Farīd at Al-Ḥijr (Hegra) or Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ ("Cities of Saleh")
• 
  Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ

Era of Shuaib

The Midianites of the Bible lived in Hejaz.^[62] Shuaib, who is revered as a prophet by both Muslims and Druze,^[63] was from this community,^[64][65] who are also known as the Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ("Companions of the Wood").^{[66][67][68][69][70][71]} The historical area of Midian roughly corresponds to what is now region of Tabuk.^[72][73] Also, the northern part of the Hejaz was part of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea.^[59]

Brief independence

After the end of the Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia, in 1916, Hussein bin Ali became the leader of an independent State of Hejaz.^[74] In 1924, Ali bin Hussein succeeded as the King of Hejaz. Then Ibn Saud succeeded Hussein as the King of Hejaz and Nejd. Ibn Saud ruled the two as separate units, known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd from 1926 to 1932.

In modern Saudi Arabia

On 23 December 1925, after a series of wars between the Hashimites and Al Saud, Sharif Hussein surrendered to the Saudis, bringing both the Kingdom of Hejaz and the Sharifate of Mecca to an end.^[75] On 23 September 1932, the two kingdoms of the Hejaz and Nejd were renamed as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.^[76] This day is commemorated as the Saudi National Day.^[77]

Pre–6th century CE

• Qusai ibn Kilab ibn Murrah ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr ibn Malik ibn An-Nadr ibn Kinanah^[97] ibn Khuzaymah ibn Mudrikah ibn Ilyas ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'add ibn Adnan the descendant of Isma'il ibn Ibrahim ibn Azar ibn Nahor ibn Serug ibn Reu ibn Peleg ibn Eber ibn Shelakh,^[98][99] Chief of the Tribe of Quraysh, and an ancestor of Muhammad^[100]
• Qusai's son Abd-al-Dar^[101][102] the father of Uthman the father of Abdul-Uzza the father of Barrah the maternal grandmother of Muhammad
• Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, paternal ancestor of Muhammad^[103]
• Abdul-Uzza, son of Qusai, and an ancestor of Barrah bint Abdul-Uzza
• Hashim, son of Abd Manaf, paternal great-grandfather of Muhammad, and the progenitor of Banu Hashim in the tribe of Quraysh
• Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim, paternal grandfather of Muhammad
• Hubbah bint Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Kaʿb ibn Amr al-Khuzaʿi, wife of Qusai, and an ancestor of Muhammad
• Atikah bint Murrah ibn Hilal ibn Falij ibn Dhakwan, wife of Abd Manaf, and an ancestor of Muhammad^[103]

Since

• Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim^[33][34]
• Abu Bakr^[33][34] Abdullah ibn Uthman Abu Quhafah ibn Amir ibn Amr ibn Ka'b ibn Sa'd ibn Taym ibn Murrah ibn Ka'b, father-in-law of Muhammad, and Caliph
• Umar^[33][34] ibn Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl ibn Abdul-Uzza the descendant of Adi ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy, father-in-law of Muhammad, and Caliph
• Ali ibn Abi Talib,^[33][34] cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, and Caliph
• Hamzah, son of Abdul-Muttalib, and a paternal uncle of Muhammad, and other Muhajirun^[5] or Makkan followers of Muhammad, including Ubaydah and Sa'd^[33][34][35]
• Abu Talib, son of Abdul-Muttalib,^[33][34] chief of Banu Hashim, paternal uncle of Muhammad, and the father of Ali
• Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim,^[33][34] Chief of Bani Hashim, and the paternal grandfather of Muhammad
• Khadija bint Khuwaylid^[104] ibn Asad ibn Abdul-Uzza ibn Qusai, and other Meccan wives of Muhammad
• Fatimah,^[104] other daughters of Muhammad, and other Muhajir women
• Umm Ammar Sumayyah bint Khayyat, wife of Yasir ibn Amir ibn Malik al-Ansi, believed to be the first martyr from the followers of Muhammad
• Aminah^{[33][34][100]} bint Wahb ibn Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah ibn Kilab ibn Murrah, wife of Abdullah, and the mother of Muhammad

Pre–6th century CE

• Salmah, daughter of Amr, wife of Hashim, and a great-grandmother of Muhammad^[103]

Since

• Caliph Al-Hasan,^[33][34] and other sons of Ali and grandsons of Muhammad born in Medina^[104]
• Caliph Umar ibn Abdul-Aziz ibn Marwan ibn Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As ibn Umayyah ibn Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, great-grandson of Umar ibn Al-Khattab
• Al-Hasan of Basra
• Muhammad al-Baqir ibn Ali Zaynul-Abidin, grandson of Hasan and Husayn the grandsons of Muhammad^[104]
• Zayd ibn Ali Zaynul-Abidin ibn Husayn ibn Fatimah bint Muhammad, half-brother of Muhammad al-Baqir
• Ansari women^[33][34]
• Ja'far al-Sadiq ibn Muhammad al-Baqir^[104]
• Malik the son of Anas ibn Malik ibn Abi Amir al-Asbahi (not Anas the companion of Muhammad)
• Ali al-Rida ibn Musa al-Kadhim ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq^[104]
• Fatima bint Musa ibn Ja'far al-Maʿsumah of Qum,^[105] sister of Ali al-Ridha
• Abu Ali Muhammad al-Jawad ibn Ali al-Ridha^[104]

6th–7th centuries CE

• Uthman ibn Affan^[33][34] ibn Abu al-'As ibn Umayyah ibn Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf, son-in-law of Muhammad, and Caliph
• Urwah ibn Mas'ud,^[37] chief of Banu Thaqif
• Nafi ibn al-Harith, physician^[106]

Since

• Sharif Ali ibn Ajlan ibn Rumaithah ibn Muhammad, son-in-law and successor of Sultan Ahmad of Brunei, father of Sultan Sulaiman, and a descendant of Muhammad^[107]