Alexandrino Faria de Alencar

The son of Alexandrino de Melo Alencar and Ana Ubaldina Faria de Alencar, Alexandrino Faria de Alencar was born on 12 October 1848 in Rio Pardo, Rio Grande do Sul.^[1] From a traditional family, his father was a captain in the Imperial Brazilian Army. He was also a great-grandson of French general Pierre Labatut, who fought in the Brazilian War of Independence, and great-grandnephew of Bárbara de Alencar, who took part in the Pernambuco Revolution of 1817 and the Confederation of the Equator.^[2]

After finishing his first studies with private tutors, Alencar moved to Rio de Janeiro in the early 1860s in order to prepare to join the Naval School, which he did with the rank of midshipman candidate in 1865. The next year, he volunteered for the Paraguayan War, but was dismissed from service due to his young age. In 1868 he rose to the rank of midshipman and joined the Montevideo Naval Squadron, taking part in the Paraguayan War.^[1][2]

With the end of the war, Alencar returned to Brazil, being promoted to the rank of second lieutenant in 1870 and first lieutenant in 1873. During this period, he made trips to Europe and Africa, served as military attaché to a special mission in China, and travelled the United States. In 1877, he became artillery instructor to the Naval Battalion. From 1879 to 1881 he went on a circumnavigation voyage and in 1883 he became an assistant to frigate captain Custódio de Melo. In 1885 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant captain. From 1887 to 1888, as chief mate to admiral Saldanha da Gama, he took part in the cruiser Barroso's missions to North America.^[1]

Alencar married Amália Murray dos Santos. Together they had one child, Armando de Alencar (b. 1886), who would later become a justice of Brazil's Supreme Federal Court in 1937.^[3][4]

A convinced republican, Alencar commanded the troops that marched to Campo de Santana on 15 November 1889 during the military coup d'état headed by Deodoro da Fonseca that overthrew the Brazilian Empire. With the coup's success, Alencar was given command of the battleship Riachuelo, tasked with escorting the steamer Alagoas that took the Brazilian imperial family into exile in Europe until the limits of Brazil's territorial waters.^[5][2] In 1890, Alencar was promoted to frigate captain.^[1]

With Deodoro da Fonseca in power, Alencar opposed his coup that dissolved Congress on 3 November 1891 and established a state of emergency. In response, Custódio de Melo headed a movement to pressure Fonseca to resign on 23 November 1891, which Alencar supported. Fonseca was then succeeded by vice president Floriano Peixoto.^[2]

In 1893, in command of the battleship Aquidabã, Alencar sided with the navy rebels headed by admirals Saldanha da Gama, Custódio de Melo, and Eduardo Wandenkolk, against Floriano Peixoto. The rebels wanted for new elections to be held. The Second Naval Revolt, as it became known, lastet from September 1893 to March 1894. During its course, the rebel fleet went South in order to join another revolt: the Federalist Revolution that was raging in Southern Brazil, and capture Santa Catarina's capital, the city of Desterro. On 16 April 1894, Aquidabã was torpedoed by the government warship Gustavo Sampaio in the battle of Anhatomirim, partially sinking.^[a] The revolt was defeated by the federal government and Alencar went into exile in Montevideo.^[1][2][6]

Alencar returned to Brazil in 1897, being amnestied and reintregrated into the navy.^[1] In 1899 he was promoted to the rank of commissioned captain of sea and war; the following year he was made effective in the same rank and took over the General Command of the Torpedo Boats. In 1902 he was promoted to counter admiral. The following year he assumed command of the Northern Naval Division. In 1904 he became consultant to the Naval Council in Rio de Janeiro and in 1905 he was given command of the Southern Naval Division.^[7]

In 1905, Alencar was elected senator for Amazonas, taking office in May 1906. As senator, he became an advocate for the adoption of a naval program that matched Brazil's foreign policy and the country's naval rearmament. However, with the beginning of president Afonso Pena's government in November, Alencar was appointed minister of the navy by the president - replacing Júlio César de Noronha - and resigned his position as senator.^[1][5]

As minister of the navy, Alencar was promoted to vice admiral in 1908. The next year he was appointed justice to Brazil's Superior Military Court (STM), an office he occupied for 11 years.^[7]

Alencar died on 18 April 1926 in Rio de Janeiro.^[3]

Alexandrino Faria de Alencar was the patron and lent his name to the Admiral Alexandrino Instruction Center (Centro de Instrução Almirante Alexandrino; CIAA), which trains sailors for the Brazilian Navy. The institution was founded on 22 October 1836 and given its current name on 13 May 1993.^[8]