Algaemia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Algaemia is a secondary term that refers to the rare yet emerging condition in which green algae enter the bloodstream. Members of the genus Prototheca are the most common causes of human algaemia. Prototheca and Chlorella are the only two known algae genera capable of inflicting disease on mammals.[1] The majority of cases are observed in dairy cattle as a cause of bovine mastitis as well as other domesticated animals. Cases of algaemia have been observed in dogs and cats as well.[2] Few cases have been observed in humans. Human cases of protothecosis are examined on a case-by-case basis due to the particularity of each case. Protothecosis infection is classified based on the symptoms: (i) cutaneous lesions, (ii) olecranon bursitis, and (iii) disseminated multi-organ infections.[3]
Protothecosis can affect anyone but is most commonly seen with more severe symptoms in those who have preexisting conditions. Individuals with a weak immune system have been shown to experience the worst symptoms. Many symptoms are not specific to this infection and can be hard to differentiate. Prototheca is not included as a typical infection that is screened for and is usually not identified without examination by microscope. Polymerase chain reaction tests have shown to assists in the identification of Prototheca. Symptoms include but are not limited to: numbness in the extremities, olecranon bursitis or general inflammation, cutaneous infections in the hair, skin or fingernails, skin lesions, difficulty breathing, respiratory failure, multiple organ failure, and can result in death if not treated in the early stages of infection.[4]
Causes
The algal cells are commonly found in the soil and water of many regions. Prototheca, especially P. wickerhamii and P. zopfii, can colonize the skin, fingernails, respiratory and digestive tracts. Prototheca algae cells can enter the bloodstream through open wounds, mucous membrane pathways, or the ingestion or inhalation of the cells. Individuals who are immunocompromised begin to see more concerning symptoms as the cells build up within the bloodstream.[3]