Aliran Kepercayaan

Aliran Kepercayaan^{[note 1]} (lit. 'the branches/flows of beliefs') is an official cover term for groups of followers of various religious movements. It also includes various, partly syncretic forms of mysticism of new religious movements in Indonesia, such as kebatinan, kejiwaan and kerohanian.^[2] In the Indonesian language, it is also used for new religious movements in other parts of the world. Based on data collected by the Indonesian Conference on Religion and Peace (ICRP), there are about 245 indigenous religions in Indonesia.^[3]

Characteristics

According to Caldarola, kepercayaan "is not an apt characterization of what the mystical groups have in common".^[2] The US State Department's states:

Sizeable populations in Java, Kalimantan, and Papua practice animism and other types of traditional belief systems termed "Aliran Kepercayaan." Many of those who practice Kepercayaan describe it as more of a meditation-based spiritual path than a religion. Some animists combine their beliefs with one of the government-recognized religions.^[4]

Recognition

Indonesia's Constitutional Court in November 2017 ruled that followers of faiths outside the 6 recognized religions are allowed to state "Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan YME^{[note 2]}" on their national identity cards, as a 7th category for Aliran Kepercayaan after judicial review launched by followers of Marapu religion, the Parmalim, Kaharingan, and Sapta Darma [id].^[5]

Examples

Sumatra

Adat Batin (Batin)
Arat Sabulungan (Mentawai)
Fanömba Adu (Nias)
Parmalim (Toba Batak)
Pemena (Karo Batak)

Java

Kapitayan and Kejawen (Javanese)
Sunda Wiwitan (Baduy and Sundanese)

Lesser Sunda Islands

Dinitu (Rotenese)
Jingi Tiu (Savu)
Marapu (Sumba)
Pare No Bongi (Bimanese)
Tung Piong (Sikka)
Uis Neno-Uis Pah (Atoni)
Wetu Telu (Sasak)

Kalimantan

Kaharingan (Dayak)

Sulawesi

Adat Musi (Talaud)
Aluk Todolo (Toraja)
Islam Tua (Sangir)
Lamoa (Pamona)
Tolotang (Buginese)
Tonaas Walian (Minahasan)

Maluku Islands

Naurus (Alifuru)

Papua

Wor (Biak)^[6]

Notes

[1]
Full: Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa,^[1] "Believer of One Supreme God".^{[citation needed]}
[2]
Full: Yang Maha Esa

References

Sources

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Caldarola, Carlo (1982), Religion and Societies: Asia and the Middle East, Walter de Gruyter
Ensiklopedi Kepercayaan terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa [Encyclopedia of Beliefs in One God] (in Indonesian) (4th ed.). Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Nilai Budaya, Seni dan Film; Direktorat Kepercayaan Terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. 2010 [2003]. ISBN 978-979-16071-1-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-07-09.
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Maria, Siti; Limbeng, Julianus (2007). Marapu di Pulau Sumba, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (PDF). Seri pengungkapan nilai-nilai kepercayaan komunitas adat. Jakarta: Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata; Direktorat Jenderal Nilai Budaya, Seni dan Film; Direktorat Kepercayaan Terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa.
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——— (1987). "Batak Religion". In Eliade, Mircea (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 2. New York: MacMillan. pp. 81–83. ISBN 978-0-02-909480-8.
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Schefold, Reimar (1980). Spielzeug für die Seelen — Kunst und Kultur der Mentawai-Inseln (Indonesien) [Toys for the Souls: Art and Culture of the Mentawai (Indonesia)] (in German). Zürich: Museum Rietberg.
——— (1988). "De wildernis als cultuur van gene ziijde: tribale concepten van "natuur" in Indonesiο" [The wilderness as a culture of the past: tribal concepts of "nature" in Indonesia]. Antropologische Verkenningen (in Dutch). 7 (4): 5–22.
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