Alopecia X
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Alopecia X is a type of adult-onset follicular dysplasia in dogs previously known by many other names. The condition was first described in 1977. The condition is believed to be caused by a genetic predisposition to a hormone defect. Often dogs will recover after neutering.[1][2]
The condition was previously known under multiple names including: adult-onset growth hormone deficiency, growth hormone responsive alopecia, castration responsive alopecia, biopsy responsive alopecia, black skin disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia-like syndrome. Today it is known as Alopecia X which reflects the unknown origin of the disease.[3]
Cause
The cause is unknown.[2][3] One theory of a growth hormone deficiency being the cause was abandoned when multiple studies showed normal growth hormone responses following stimulation and normal IGF-1 levels in affected dogs. Why some dogs with alopecia X show a suppressed growth hormone response remains unknown.[3] Mild hypercortisolism has been suggested as a cause of alopecia X in miniature Poodles and Pomeranians.[3]
Risk factors
Alopecia X primarily affects breeds with long and dense coats such as the Pomeranian, Keeshond, Chow Chow, Siberian Husky, and Alaskan Malamute.[4]
Signs and symptoms
Initial signs of alopecia X are hair loss around the collar and rear thighs that slowly progresses to near complete alopecia of the trunk, neck, and proximal legs. The head, distal legs, and distal tail do not experience alopecia. In some cases a sparse wooly coat will remain. Hyperpigmentation develops simultaneously; however it may not occur, especially in white-coated Poodles. Aside from this clinical affects are not notable.[3]