Amarna Tomb 3
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| Amarna Tomb 3 | |
|---|---|
| Burial site of Ahmose | |
 Tomb of Ahmose | |
  Amarna Tomb 3 | |
| Coordinates | 27°38′43″N 30°53′47″E / 27.64528°N 30.89639°E |
| Location | Tombs of the Nobles |
| Discovered | Open in antiquity |
| Layout | Cruciform |
Amarna Tomb 3 is a rock-cut cliff tomb located in Amarna, Upper Egypt. The tomb belonged to the Ancient Egyptian noble Ahmes (Ahmose), who served during the reign of Akhenaten.[1] The tomb is situated at the base of a steep cliff and mountain track at the north-eastern end of the Amarna plains.[2] It is located in the northern side of the wadi that splits the cluster of graves known collectively as the Northern tombs.[3] Amarna Tomb 3 is one of six elite tombs belonging to the officials of Akhenaten.[4] It was one of the first Northern tombs, built in Year 9 of the reign of Akhenaten.[5]
The Northern Tombs were first mapped and examined by Egyptologist John Gardiner Wilkinson in the early 19th century. The first comprehensive survey of Amarna Tomb 3 was performed by French Egyptologist Nestor L’Hôte in 1839.[6] L’Hôte made castings and copies of the reliefs within the tomb, contributing to contemporary analysis of the site as many of these images are no longer visible. The tomb of Ahmose provides insight into elite Egyptian burial customs and funerary architecture in the New Kingdom period.
| Ahmose in hieroglyphs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
iˁḥ-ms[7] Born of Iah | ||||||
Epithets inscribed within the tomb record Ahmose's official titles as an administrator of the palace. These included "Veritable Scribe of the King", "Fan-bearer on the right hand of the King", "Superintendent of the Court House", "Steward of the House of Akhenaten", "Royal Chancellor", "Sole Companion and First of the Companions", and "Follower of the feet of the Lord of the Two Lands”.[3] The hymns in the tomb state that Ahmose began working for Akhenaten as a youth, and served him until old age. The inscriptions also demonstrate that Ahmose had a son, Nefer-kheperu-ra. Other than this brief background, no information on the life of Ahmose is available.
Layout of tomb
Amarna Tomb 3 is a symmetrical cruciform plan tomb consisting of two rectangular halls and a shrine.[5] The sepulchre is located a short distance from the Tomb of Meryra, a High Priest. The entrance to the tomb looks on to the south-western part of the Amarna plains. The facade of the tomb consists of a simple doorframe of recessed rock which is decorated with hymns and prayers to the god Aten.[8] A three-sided, walled, brick courtyard is located at the front of the tomb's entrance.[5] The lintel and jambs of the exterior door contain prayer inscriptions to the Pharaoh Akhenaten.[9] After passing through the doorway, a smaller decorated entrance leading towards the outer hall is reached. Remnants of colour indicate that painted designs once adorned the ceiling and walls of this entryway.[3] The outer hall consists of a deep rectangular chamber with plastered walls and a vaulted roof.[8] A corniced doorway leads towards the inner hall. The inner hall is positioned at a right angle to the outer hall, containing two burial shafts at either end. The first burial shaft measures approximately thirty feet deep.[8]
The inner hall leads to the back of the tomb, where the shrine area is located. The uppermost segment of the lintel of the shrine's doorway is decorated with a carving of the uraeus.[5] The lower portion shows unfinished carvings of a line of djed-pillars.[10] The shrine houses an unfinished and disfigured limestone statue of Ahmose. In this statue-niche, the figure of Ahmose is seated, a characteristic pose of Egyptian burial sculpture which symbolises a willingness to receive offerings.[11] The empty recesses of the stone statue once consisted of coloured decorative elements carved out of faience.[10] A shallow libation bowl is carved in the floor at the foot of the statue, used for religious offerings to the gods.[5] The shrine area was closed off by wooden folding doors. The side wall of the statue-niche was cut in a perfect square, demonstrating expertise in stonemasonry.[5] Throughout the tomb, the undecorated walls are mostly covered in Greek graffiti, which was scratched into the plaster.
Tomb decoration
Outer wall: Ahmes in prayer
The outer wall of the tomb depicts two images of Ahmose wearing the traditional dress of an Egyptian noble. The scenes and texts have suffered a lot of damage, but early copies show that Ahmose was depicted on both sides of the entrance on the wall thickness.[3] He is clothed in a long robe with a decorated sash tied around the waist, laced sandals, a long, straight wig, a tall headdress and a gold necklace.[3] Ahmose is pictured in adoration of the cartouche of the Aten and adorned with the symbol of the Pharaoh.[12] In the images, Ahmose holds ritual objects which demonstrate his official role within the palace. He holds a fan, an object connected to his duty as “the fan bearer at the right hand of the king’”.[9] He is pictured with an Egyptian battle axe, referring to his position in the military.[3] The fan and an axe are tied together, secured to a strap and carried over his shoulder.[13] This scene is accompanied by prayers of Ahmose which pay respect to the god Aten and the royal family. Ahmose's prayers for his own family's prosperity, in particular for his son Nefer-kheperu-ra,[3] are presented alongside these inscriptions.
Upper west wall: A royal visit to the Temple of Aten
This partly preserved bas-relief sculpture depicts a royal visit to the temple of Aten by the King and his consort. The royal family are shown in a horse-drawn chariot accompanied by a military escort.[12] Akhenaten wears a Khepresh crown, while Nefertiti is shown wearing her flat topped blue crown. The four rows of soldiers are led by a trumpeter. These troops are fronted by a row of soldiers with spears, and followed by officers wielding sickle-swords and batons.[3] Egyptologist Norman de Garis Davies stated that the accuracy of the military formation within this relief was indicative of Ahmose's military experience.[3] The army is diverse, composed of Egyptian and foreign troops, distinguished by their different hairstyles and military accessories. The Nubian bowmen are illustrated with shaved heads and gold earrings while the Libyan archers are drawn with a feather in their hair. The pointed beards characterise the Syrian officers holding spears.[8] This military imagery contributed to the warrior-pharaoh image of King Akhenaten, which is also present in the noble tombs of Panehesy, Mahu, and Meryre I.[14] The depiction of the royal chariot is outlined with red paint, a remnant of the relief's original draft work. As the chariot approaches the temple, the royal entourage is received by religious officials, who are depicted offering cattle and other sacred animals to the royal family. A small architectural model of the temple layout is located on the left side of the carving. This artistic representation of the temple provides insight into New Kingdom religious architecture. The temple comprises royal statues, a sacrificial altar, a chapel, a sacrificial butcher house, an altar holding the benben stone and an outdoor courtyard.[8] The right part of the relief has not survived.[3]
Lower west wall: The royal family at home
This scene depicts a royal banquet in the hall of the palace. In Ancient Egyptian tomb decoration, banquet scenes were used as a show of elitism and grandeur. Banquet tomb scenes held religious significance as they signified a connection between the living and the deceased through the offering of food and drink.[15] In the relief, elite guests are waited on by servants and entertained by musicians playing the bow-harp and the lute.[14] The King and Queen are seated on high, throne-like chairs. Sun rays pierce the roof of the hall and settle upon Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, emphasising the connection of the royal family to the sun-god Aten.[3] Ahmose is bowed, attending King Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti as they eat various meats.[14] Akhenaten is shown seated eating what appears to be a roasted duck. Behind him we see Nefertiti seated with one of the princesses on her lap. She is holding a cut of meat. Next to Nefertiti we see two more princesses seated on chairs. This scene may have been included to show Ahmose in his role as the Steward to Akhenaten.[3] Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their daughters are depicted on a much larger scale than Ahmose, an example of the ancient art convention of hierarchical proportion. More servants attend the King and Queen, including a cupbearer holding a drinking goblet, a group of nursemaids and a band of entertainers.[3]
