Andersonerpeton

The preserved portion of the jaw was smooth, shallow and relatively wide, curving upwards at the parasymphyseal (chin) region. The main bone of the jaw, the dentary, possessed a single row of long, curved teeth, known as marginal teeth. These teeth were weakly attached to the underlying bone, which allows them to fold backwards. This ability is also seen in certain snakes as well as oestocephalid aistopods, betraying Andersonerpeton's aistopod affinities. Unusually, the teeth also have a maze-like internal structure, formally known as labyrinthine infolding. This type of structure is known in large "labyrinthodont" tetrapods and their tetrapodomorph ancestors, but unknown in any other aistopod.

Lingually from the dentary tooth row (i.e. towards the tongue), the upper surface of the mandible has five plate-like bones: a parasymphyseal plate at the chin, an adsymphyseal bone directly behind it, and a string of three coronoid bones directly behind the adsymphyseal. All five of these bones are covered with tiny tooth-like bumps known as denticles. Larger fangs, similar to the marginal teeth, were also present on some of these bones; the first and second coronoids each have two of these fangs at their front outer corner and the parasympheseal has a single large fang in the middle. Additional denticles may have been present on the dentary, which has a small number of small bumps on the outer surface of the parasymphyseal region. If these were true denticles, then this is a surprisingly "primitive" feature present in Andersonerpeton, as this feature is typically considered to have been lost very early in the evolution of tetrapods (specifically, after the evolution of Elginerpeton). The prominent parasympheseal and coronoid fangs are also more consistent with stem-tetrapods rather than other aistopods. Andersonerpeton does have one specific feature shared by both certain aistopods and certain stem-tetrapods: a longitudinal plate of bone directly below the coronoids, known as a "meckelian ossification".^[1]

The uniquely foldable teeth indicate that Andersonerpeton is an aistopod, as these teeth are also seen in Coloraderpeton and Oestocephalus, but no other tetrapods until the appearance of snakes in the Cretaceous period. In addition, the mandible was smooth and wide, similar to that of most aistopods. However, in many other features the jaw of Andersonerpeton closely resembles early tetrapod relatives such as Elginerpeton. These include the arrangement of teeth and denticles on the parasympheseal and coronoid bones, as well as labyrinthine marginal teeth. The possible presence of denticles on the dentary next to the tooth row is particularly significant, as these are present in many tetrapodomorph fish but completely lacking in all but the earliest four-limbed vertebrates, with Elginerpeton believed to have been the last known animal to have possessed such a feature. Overall, Andersonerpeton seems to bridge a gap between stem-tetrapods and aistopods.^[1] This classification scheme contrasts with traditional interpretations of aistopods forming a group called Lepospondyli with animals like Diplocaulus and microsaurs, which are almost always considered true crown-tetrapods.^[5] However, the idea that aistopods branched off from the tetrapodomorph family tree much earlier than other lepospondyls has been supported by some analyses, such as a 2017 study on the braincase of Lethiscus, which was considered to have been the most "primitive" aistopod prior to the naming of Andersonerpeton.^[6]