Anne of Denmark and the spa at Bath
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Anne of Denmark (1574–1619) was the wife of James VI and I. She visited Bath, Somerset, in the belief that drinking and bathing in mineral waters could improve her health.[2] The warm springs at Bath had been used for medicinal purposes since Roman times. During her progresses to Bath she was entertained at country houses along the way.[3] The court physician Théodore de Mayerne left extensive notes in Latin describing his treatment of Anne of Denmark from 10 April 1612 to her death.[4] Primarily, she was seeking help for gout or dropsy, a swelling of the legs and feet which made walking difficult.[5] Her companion and servant Jean Drummond described an occasion when the queen was unable to set her swollen foot on the ground.[6] During these progresses, Anne of Denmark visited or came near some of the lands and manors included in her jointure lands, including Corston, and was able to promote the image of the Stuart monarchy.[7]
Masque at Caversham
In April 1613, after the wedding of her daughter Princess Elizabeth, Anne of Denmark went to Bath to take the water.[8] Mayerne recorded that the onset of her severe gout, podagra dolorem, had been around Christmas Day 1612.[9] Her party included the Lord Chancellor and his wife Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby, Anne Clifford, Countess of Dorset, the Earl of Worcester, Lord Danvers, and Jean Drummond. She went to Windsor then to Reading.[10] The ambassador of Savoy, the Marquess de Villa followed her bringing a gift of a crystal casket mounted with silver gilt, "reported to be of transcendent value" like all far-fetched rarities.[11] He abandoned his journey, and waited in London for her return to present the gift.[12]
At Caversham Park on 27 April, William Knollys, 1st Earl of Banbury and Lady Knollys put on an entertainment written by Thomas Campion.[13] A description of the entertainment was printed in 1613.[14] The queen was met by a 'Cynic' dressed in calico as a wildman who debated with a 'Traveller' in elaborate costume. These two rode the short distance to the park gate and were met by two park keepers dressed in green perpetuana with Monmouth caps with two of Robin Hood's men dressed in green and black, who sang for the queen in her coach.[15][16]
The entertainment continued in the hall of the house after supper. Eight pages in green satin introduced eight masque dancers (the four sons of the Earl of Suffolk, with the Earl of Dorset, Dudley Baron North, Henry Cary, and Henry Rich). Costumed in rich emboidered suits of green satin and high hats, their faces were disguised with vizards. They wore invited the ladies in waiting to dance, and finally Anne of Denmark agreed to make "herself head of their revels, and graciously to adorn the place with her personal dancing".[17] When she left Caversham, the Gardener and his workmen and three country maids gave a speech and sang.[18]
Bath in May
Théodore de Mayerne gave some medications to Anne of Denmark at Lacock Abbey in May 1613. Mayerne held a meeting about her health, attended by her chamberlain George Carew, at Badminton or a house in Bath belonging to the Earl of Worcester on 5 May. Mayerne built up the queen's water treatment over a number of days, before she bathed in King's Bath. Mayerne noted the warm and gently bubbling water.[19][20]
While bathing, this year or in 1615, it was said that Anne of Denmark was surprised by a flame caused by natural gas in King's Bath, and thereafter used the New Bath or Queen's Bath where a column with a globe and crown and the inscription "Anna Regnum Sacrum" was added in her honour.[21] A drawing dated 1672 and 1675 of the bath and the Hart Lodging in Bath, where she stayed, shows a related inscription "Annae Reginae Sacrum, 1618" across the parapet of the building, and the globe on top of the crowned column in the centre of the Queen's Bath. The drawing is held by the British Museum.[22]
Pageant at Bristol
Anne of Denmark went to Bristol on 4 June where there were various entertainments.[23] A seat was built for her at Canon's Marsh near the Cathedral, where she watched a staged battle at the confluence of the Avon and Frome, fought between an English ship and two Turkish galleys. An English victory was signalled by the release of six bladders of pig's blood poured out of the ship's scupper holes.[24] Some Turkish prisoners were presented to her and she laughed at this, saying both the actors' red costumes and their "countenances" were like the Turks. The entertainment at Bristol was described in verse by Robert Naile, who mentions the Turks were played by sailors, "worthy brutes, who oft have seen their habit, form and guise", who were made to kneel before Anne of Denmark and beg for mercy as the final act of the pageant. A sea-battle against the Turks had been staged on the Thames at London in February for the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of the Palatinate.[25] After the pageant at Bristol, the lady in waiting Jean Drummond had dinner with the Mayor, Abel Kitchin, and gave him a ring from the queen, set with diamonds.[26]
She stayed a night at Siston Court, the house of Sir Henry Billingsley.[28] She was then either at Lacock Abbey or Corsham Court on her way to Bishops Cannings near Devizes. Corsham was one of the manors included in her jointure lands. The vicar of Bishops Cannings, George Ferebee, produced a pastoral entertainment for her on the downs at the Wansdyke on 11 June.[29]
She returned to Greenwich Palace, where Mayerne gave her a "dry" or steam bath, recommended for dry skin,[30] and moved to Somerset House by 8 July.[31] Around 12 July, as mentioned in John Chamberlain's letter of 1 August, she was at Theobalds and accidentally shot the king's "most principal and special hound" with a crossbow.[32] On 27 July King James was at Lydiard Park, where he fell down the stairs, and also signed a warrant for £200 for Anne's usher John Tonstall for the expenses of another trip to Bath.[33]
Wells and Bath in August
Anne came back to Bath in August 1613.[34] The two trips are mentioned in the accounts of her goldsmith George Heriot, who billed her "for jewelles retained unto her Maj[esty's] own handis, to be carried on her first and second journeys to the Bathe, viz., in April 1613 and August following".[35]
She went to Wells, Somerset, travelling from Oatland to Elvetham, Basing, Hurstbourne, Wallop, and Salisbury.[36] She visited Edward Rodney at Rodney Stoke, who subsequently married Frances Southwell, a lady in waiting, in May 1614.[37]
On 20 August 1613 at Wells she was entertained by a pageant performed by the town's trades and crafts.[38] The blacksmiths presented Vulcan's forge. The butchers made a tableau of "old virgins", with their attires made of cow tails and necklaces made of cow's horns, who were drawn in a chariot by men and boys dressed in ox skins. The mayor, William Bull, held a dinner for members of the queen's household including her four maids of honour; Mary Gargrave, Elizabeth Harcourt, Mary Middlemore, and Elizabeth Roper.[39]
Mayerne wrote to King James on 31 August that she was in the best of spirits.[40] He wrote in French, "Ce jourd huy S. M. est entrée dans le baing, qu'elle est très bien porté, et au sortir. C'est trouvé en toute telle disposition que nous erisons sien souhaitter", that is, "today Her Serene Majesty entered the bath as usual, all things are as well as could be wished for". Mayerne thought the queen's good attitude would help her cure.[41]
The Venetian ambassador Antonio Foscarini recorded her delight at the entertainment in Bath.[42] In September, musicians played for her departure from Bath.[43]