Arthoniales
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| Arthoniales | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Cryptothecia rubrocincta | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Arthoniomycetes |
| Order: | Arthoniales Henssen ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss. (1986) |
| Families | |
|
Andreiomycetaceae | |
The Arthoniales is the second largest order of mainly crustose lichens, but fruticose lichens are present as well.[1] The order contains around 1500 species,[2] while the largest order with lichenized fungi, the Lecanorales, contains more than 14000 species.[3]
The Arthoniales is one of two orders of the class Arthoniomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota.[2] The order includes seven families (Andreiomycetaceae,[4] Arthoniaceae, Chrysotrichaceae, Lecanographaceae, Opegraphaceae, Roccellaceae and Roccellographaceae).[2] Lecanographaceae, Roccellographaceae, Opegraphaceae and Roccellaceae are well-supported families within Arthoniales, and they were circumscribed in 2011.[5] Andreiomycetaceae was described as a new family by Hodkinson and Lendemer in 2013.[4]
The Arthoniales is the sister group to Dothideomycetes.[6]
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Seynesia erumpens | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Figure 1. Cladogram of the Arthoniales, rooted with Curvularia brachyspora, Cudonia circinans and Seynesia erumpens as the outgroup. The cladogram shows the division of Arthoniales into seven families, based on Hodkinson et al. 2013.[4]
Distribution and habitats
The Arthoniales is distributed in most habitats worldwide, as it ranges at latitudes from arctic to tropical regions.[2] They grow on different types of substrates like bark, wood, rocks, bryophytes and living leaves. The order has adapted to live in both humid forests and dry habitats like savannas and steppes, as well as varying altitudes from sea level to alpine regions.[7] The highest species diversity are known from subtropical coastal areas with a Mediterranean or dry climate.[8][9] The species diversity of the Arthoniales is expected to be higher than currently reported from several areas worldwide like the tropical rain forests.[2]
Ecology
The majority of species in Arthoniales have a lichenized lifestyle, but lichenicolous and saprophytic species are presented as well.[10] The original state in the Arthoniales is believed to be the lichenized state, and the non-lichenized and parasitic states have evolved independently several times.[11] The lichenized fungi live in symbiosis with a photobiont that in most cases is a species of Trentepohliaceae, but photobionts from Chlorococcaleae are known from Chrysotrichaceae and a few species in Arthonia.[12]
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