Athanasius of Qus
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Athanasius of Qus (fl. late 14th century) was a Coptic monk, bishop and scholar. He was a leader of the church in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia. He wrote in both Arabic and Coptic. His works include theology, Coptic grammar and poetry. His primary dialect was Sahidic.
He wrote in Arabic a grammar of the Coptic language entitled Necklace of Composition in the Science of Interpretation.[1] Most of what is known about his life comes from this work. He was born at Qamulah on the right bank of the Nile, the son of a priest named Salib. He entered the nearby monastery of Mar Buqtur on the left bank of the Nile before succeeding Gabriel as bishop of the fortified city of Qus.[2][3] In 1371–1372, he took part in the consecration and enthronement of Timothy as bishop of Qasr Ibrim.[3][4] In 1374, during the patriarchate of Gabriel IV, he took part in the concoction of the chrism (myron) and wrote a description of the Upper Egyptian rite.[2][3]
In the past, his activity was sometimes dated to the eleventh century, but the evidence points towards the second half of the fourteenth.[2][4] The Berlin manuscript of the Necklace contains a preface to a different (lost) grammar in which the Ecclesiastical Ladder of Yuhanna al-Samannudi is mentioned. If this preface was written by Athanasius, as seems likely, his dates must be pushed back at least to the second half of the thirteenth century. He is not mentioned in any thirteenth-century grammars or dictionaries, nor is he in the index of authors of Ibn Kabar (died 1324).[2]
His episcopate corresponds to a rough period for the Copts of Upper Egypt. The city of Qus was targeted by the Banu al-Kanz, who lost their control of Makuria in 1365. There were also outbreaks of plague in 1374–1375 and 1379–1381, Nile floods in 1360, 1376, 1382 and 1395, and famines in 1374–1375 and 1394–1396.[5] There were even new martyrs in Qamulah in 1378.[3]