Audiffred Building

Hippolite d'Audiffret (anglicized as "Audiffred"), a Frenchman who had been living in Mexico and reportedly walked to San Francisco from Veracruz after Emperor Maximilian and the French became unpopular there, and built a profitable business selling charcoal in Chinatown. The Audiffred Building was constructed for him in 1889,^[2] presumably to house this business.^[5] The first floor retail spaces were initially rented to a restaurant and three taverns;^[3] at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries The Bulkhead tavern was one of these tenants, serving "Bull's Head" stew.

Upstairs until 1905 were the offices of the Coast Seamen's Union, later the Sailor's Union of the Pacific, a forerunner of the International Seamen's Union;^[2][5] at one time or another prior to World War I the building also housed unions for Marine Engineers, Masters and Pilots, and Pile Drivers, and for a short time the Industrial Workers of the World.^[3]

In an attempt to stop the fires following the 1906 earthquake, the San Francisco Fire Department nearly destroyed the building along with all those surrounding it; the Audiffred Building was saved when the bartender of the Bulkhead, the drinking establishment then occupying the building, bribed the firemen with the offer of two quarts of whiskey apiece and a fire cart full of bottles of wine.^[2][3]

The Audiffred Building served as headquarters for the City Front strike in 1901^[3] and again during the 1934 San Francisco waterfront strike, the strike committee was headquartered there.^[6] On "Bloody Thursday" sailors Howard Sperry and Nick Bordoise were shot dead by police outside, as commemorated by a monument across the street.^[2][3]

In 1928 one of the earliest branches of the Bank of Italy, forerunner of Bank of America, moved into part of the first floor; the nautical frieze was commissioned for the bank.

With the decline of San Francisco's waterfront in the mid-twentieth century, the Seven Seas Club for homeless sailors moved into the building in 1946,^[3] and bohemian artists and writers including Elmer Bischoff, Howard Hack, Frank Lobdell, Hassel Smith, Martin Snipper, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti occupied lofts and studios on the two upper floors, which had no electricity,^[7] until they were condemned as unsafe in 1955.^[3] Ferlinghetti told The Paris Review (#228, Spring 2019 issue, p. 179) that he paid $29 a month in rent for his studio here where he made his first very tall paintings, that the only heating source was from a potbellied stove in one corner, and that the artists there could only work during the daytime because of the lack of electricity.

In 1978 a gas fire gutted the building, and it was to have been demolished; it was saved by public demand and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.^[5][8] It was designated San Francisco City Landmark number 7 in 1968.^[3][9]

A domed penthouse was added in the reconstruction after the fire.^[4] The building was subsequently bought by real estate developer Dusan Mills and in 1983–1984 was refurbished and remodeled into office space^[10][11] by William E. Cullen.^[12]

Since 1993, the Audiffred Building has housed Boulevard restaurant.^{[2][13][14][15][16]}

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