Autophagic cell death
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Autophagic cell death (ACD) is a controversial form of programmed cell death that is morphologically distinct from apoptosis and necrosis.[1][2] While autophagy is generally considered a cellular survival mechanism, ACD occurs when excessive or dysregulated autophagy leads to the cell's demise.[3] This type of cell death is characterized by the large-scale accumulation of autophagosomes, giving the cell a vacuolated appearance.[1] However, the exact mechanisms and circumstances under which autophagy transitions from a protective process to a lethal one remain subjects of ongoing debate.[4]