Aviva Brecher
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Aviva Brecher (born July 4, 1945) is a Romanian-American applied physicist and transportation scientist who studied magnetic levitation for many years at the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, a research center of the United States Department of Transportation.[1][2]
Brecher was born on July 4, 1945, to a Jewish family in Bucharest, where her father was a gynecologist. Her family moved to Israel when she was 15. While attending high school in Israel, she meet and became involved with her future husband, Kenneth Brecher, a physics student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) who had visited Israel to work with Nathan Rosen. After graduating as valedictorian from high school in Kiryat Haim, she began her university studies in applied physics at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, but transferred to MIT to be closer to Brecher, whom she married in Israel before moving to the US and becoming a naturalized US citizen.[2]
As an MIT student, she began her studies in biophysics, working with Patrick David Wall and Jerome Lettvin on research leading to the invention of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, but switched to solid-state physics after being inspired by a course on the subject given by Mildred Dresselhaus, and did summer research with Benjamin Lax at the MIT Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory. She also became secretary of the MIT Israeli Student Association and active in the MIT branch of Hillel International.[2] She graduated from MIT in 1968, with both bachelor's and master's degrees in physics.[1][2]
Although Lax invited Brecher to remain at MIT and to continue her work with him as a doctoral student, she was advised against this course of action by Dresselhaus, because the research would be classified and would channel her career into work at a federal defense laboratory. Instead, she became a doctoral student in applied physics at the University of California, San Diego, supported by an Amelia Earhart Fellowship, while her husband worked at UCSD as a postdoctoral researcher. Her official doctoral advisor was oceanographer Gustaf Arrhenius, the grandson and son-in-law of Nobel laureates Svante Arrhenius and George de Hevesy; she was also mentored at UCSD by another Nobel laureate, Hannes Alfvén. Her doctoral research included work on the formation of asteroids and meteorites, the interactions of this formation process with the magnetic field of the Solar System, and the possibility of chemical reactions in the interstellar medium. She completed her Ph.D. in 1972.[2]