Battle of Voronezh River

Size and composition of both armies can be estimated based on contemporary chronicles.^[2][3] Contemporary Mongol sources describe Batu as invading with 12–14 tumens, which would give him a nominal strength of 120,000–140,000 men, mostly nomad cavalry archers.^[4] However, tumens were often at less than full strength, some elite units with as few as 1,000 horsemen.^[2]

On the Rus' side, contemporary sources mention only five princes by name,^[3] each of whom would be accompanied by his Druzhina, a small retinue of heavy cavalry.^[5] The princely retinue surpassed the Mongolian army in armament, both offensive and defensive. Massively heavy armor was used. However, these squads, as a rule, did not exceed the number of several hundred men, and were unsuitable for united actions under a single command.^[6]

At the same time, the main part of the Rus' army was the militia infantry. It was inferior to the nomads in armament and the ability to own it. The militia used axes and hunting spears ("rogatina"). Swords were rarely used, and they had no armor other than plain clothes and fur hats.^[5]

For the infantry, consisting of poorly armed peasants and tradesmen, numbers are uncertain. The only specific numbers mentioned for the Rus' are 1,700 men of Evpaty Kolovrat^[7](The Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan) and 3,000 men under Voivode Dorozh^[3](Battle of the Sit River). However, these were exceptionally large numbers for Rus' standards at the time. In 1242, Prince Alexander Nevski in Novgorod could muster no more than 1,000 Druzhina and 2,000 militia for the Battle on the Ice.^[8] So, it is safe to estimate that, on average, a Rus' prince had hundreds of warriors in his retinue, rather than thousands.