Bayan-Ölgii Province
Westernmost Mongolian province
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bayan-Ölgii (/ˈbaɪən ˈoʊlɡi/ BY-ən OHL-gee)[a] is the westernmost of the 21 aimags (provinces) of Mongolia. The country's only Muslim and Kazakh-majority aimag, it was established in August 1940, having its capital at Ölgii.
Bayan-Ölgii Province
Баян-Өлгий аймаг ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ | |
|---|---|
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
 Location of Bayan-Ölgii in Mongolia | |
| Coordinates: 48°18′N 89°30′E | |
| Country | Mongolia |
| Established | 1940 |
| Capital | Ölgii |
| Districts | |
| Government | |
| • Body | Citizens' Representatives Khural of Bayan-Ölgii Province |
| • Governor | Zangar Yesyentai[1] (DP) |
| Area | |
| 45,704.89 km2 (17,646.76 sq mi) | |
| Highest elevation | 4,374 m (14,350 ft) |
| • Rank | 1st in Mongolia |
| Lowest elevation | 1,301 m (4,268 ft) |
| Population (2020)[4] | |
| 108,530 | |
| 110,799 | |
| • Density | 2.3/km2 (6.0/sq mi) |
| • Urban | ~38,900 |
| • Rural | ~65,000 |
| GDP | |
| • Total | MNT 815.8 billion US$ 229.89 million (2024 est.) |
| • Per capita | MNT 7.41 billion US$ 2.09 million (2024 est.) |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (Hovd Time) |
| Postal code | 83000–83999 |
| Area code | +976 (0)142 |
| ISO 3166 code | MN-071 |
| Vehicle registration | БӨ_ |
| HDI (2024) | 0.694[6] medium |
| Website | www |
Geography
The aimag is located in the extreme west of the country and shares borders with both Russia and China. The border between the two neighbouring countries is very short here, though, and ends after about 40 km at the eastern end of Kazakhstan. Within Mongolia, the neighbouring aimags are Uvs in the north east and Khovd in the south east.
Bayan-Ölgii is the highest Mongolian aimag. For the most part it is located in the Mongolian Altai Mountains, at the transition point to the Russian Altai. About 10% of the territory is covered by forests, consisting primarily of Siberian Larch.
The Nairamdal Peak (also Friendship Peak, Chinese: Youyi Feng) of the Altai Tavan Bogd (five saints mountain) massif mountain marks the corner between the three neighbouring countries. About 2.5 km further south on the Mongolian-Chinese border, the Khüiten Peak is the highest point of Mongolia at a height of 4,374 m. The massif includes several glaciers, such as the 19 km Potanin Glacier, and is only accessible to experienced climbers with local guidance.
The Khovd River (the longest in the western Mongolian Great Lakes Depression) has its origin in this aimag. It is fed by the three lakes Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan, and in turn feeds the lake Khar-Us in the Khovd Aimag. The Tolbo Lake is a large saline lake about 50 km south of the aimag capital. It features clear and cold water on an elevation of 2,080 m.
National parks
The Altai Tavan Bogd National Park covers 6,362 km² and is located south of the highest mountain of Mongolia. It includes the lakes Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan. The protected area offers a home for many species of alpine animal, such as the Argali sheep, Ibex, Red deer, Beech marten, Moose, Snow cock, and Golden eagle.
The Khökh Serkhiin Nuruu Protected Area (659 km²) and the Siilkhemiin Nuruu National Park (1,428 km²) are of similar character.
The Develiin Aral Natural Reserve (103 km²) is established around Develiin Island at the confluence of the rivers Lsan Khooloi and Khovd. Since 2000 it has provided protection for various birds and animals including pheasants, boars, and beavers.
The Tsambagarav Uul National Park includes 1,115 km² of land around the glaciers near the Khovd aimag and protects the snow leopards living there, among others.
Demographics
Most inhabitants of Bayan-Ölgii are Kazakhs (93%).[7] The rest of the population is composed of Uriankhai, Dörvöd,[8] Khalkha, Tsengel Tuvans, and Khoshuud. A significant portion of the population speaks Kazakh as their mother tongue and the Mongolian language only as a second language, if at all.
After democratization, many inhabitants moved to their historical homeland, Kazakhstan, assuming they would find a better future there. The result was a noticeable loss of population in 1991–1993, when approximately 80 thousand repatriated to Kazakhstan. A noticeable number of former immigrants have been returning, so that the population has risen again.[9]
| 1956 census |
1960 est. |
1963 census |
1969 census |
1975 est. |
1979 census | 1981 est. |
1985 est. |
1989 census | 1991 est. |
1993 est. |
1995 est. |
1998 est. |
2000 census | 2010 census | 2020 census |
2024 est. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 38,800 | 44,600 | 47,800 | 58,100 | 66,600 | 71,400 | 74,500 | 82,400 | 90,900 | 102,817 | 75,043 | 82,259 | 87,341 | 94,094 | 88,056 | 108,530 | 110,799 |
Culture
The culture of the Kazakh majority is strongly influenced by Islamic traditions. The Abu-Bakr Siddiq Central Mosque also houses the Islamic Center of Mongolia. It is placed at an unusual angle within the fabric of the city, because the building was oriented exactly towards Mecca. There is also a madrasah (Islamic school) at the same place.
The aimag is famous for the traditional practice of hunting with trained eagles.[17][18][19][20][21] The captive eagles work in a similar way as hunting falcons do. While eagles are used for hunting in other parts of the world, particularly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the practice is most common in Bayan-Ölgii, where an estimated 80 percent of the world's eagle hunters live.[22] The annual Golden Eagle Festival is held in Ölgii every October to display the skill of eagle hunters, with about 70 hunters participating per year.[23][24]
Administrative subdivisions
Administratively, Bayan-Ölgii is divided into 13 sums (districts), 1 tosgon (village), and 99 bags (subdistricts).
The farthest district center (Mongolian: Сумын төв) from Ölgii is Jargalant, center of Bulgan, at 300 km, while the closest is Buga, center of Bugat, at 5 km.
With an area of 6.5 thousand km², Tsengel is the largest sum in the province, while Altantsögts, covering 1.8 thousand km², is the smallest.[25]
| Sum (District) | Mongolian | District population (1985)[citation needed] |
District population (1994)[26] |
District population (2005)[11] |
District population (2008)[15] |
District population (2009)[16] |
District population
(2024)[27] |
Area (km²)[28] |
Density (/km²)[29] |
Distance from Ölgii |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altai | Алтай | 3,400 | 3,237 | 3,914 | 3,659 | 3,811 | 4,300 | 3,163.56 | 1.4 | 110 |
| Altantsögts | Алтанцөгц | 3,300 | 3,038 | 3,038 | 3,114 | 3,080 | 2,951 | 1,786.10 | 1.7 | 45 |
| Bayannuur | Баяннуур | 4,800 | 4,507 | 5,320 | 5,012 | 5,033 | 5,052 | 2,339.50 | 2.2 | 126 |
| Bugat | Бугат | 3,300 | 2,777 | 3,604 | 3,741 | 3,642 | 4,249 | 2,049.10 | 2.0 | 5 |
| Bulgan | Булган | 5,000 | 5,115 | 5,901 | 5,827 | 5,528 | 4,508 | 4,977.33 | 0.9 | 300 |
| Buyant | Буянт | 2,300 | 2,546 | 3,002 | 2,683 | 2,514 | 2,805 | 1,845.67 | 1.5 | 75 |
| Delüün | Дэлүүн | 6,600 | 6,782 | 8,183 | 7,078 | 7,133 | 7,485 | 5,594.99 | 1.3 | 150 |
| Nogoonnuur | Ногооннуур | 7,500 * | 6,331 | 6,539 | 6,566 | 6,375 | 6,723 | 3,818.60 | 1.6 | 110 |
| Ölgii | Өлгий | 24,000 | 21,569 | 28,248 | 28,496 | 28,448 | 42,061 | 100.92 | 416.8 | 0 |
| Sagsai | Сагсай | 4,100 | 3,746 | 5,185 | 5,174 | 5,089 | 5,594 | 3,139.99 | 1.8 | 27 |
| Tolbo | Толбо | 4,100 | 3,746 | 4,260 | 4,076 | 4,136 | 4,474 | 2,974.69 | 1.5 | 76 |
| Tsagaannuur * | Цагааннуур | - | 1,878 | 1,528 | 1,452 | 1,473 | 1,688 | 1,403.34 | n/a | n/a |
| Tsengel | Цэнгэл | 6,700 | 6,539 | 8,364 | 8,305 | 8,348 | 9,915 | 6,463.17 | 1.5 | 75 |
| Ulaankhus | Улаанхус | 7,300 | 6,807 | 8,672 | 8,748 | 8,407 | 8,994 | 6,047.93 | 1.5 | 45 |
* - A tosgon (village) a part of Nogoonnuur district, a lower administrative unit than district but higher than subdistrict
Economy
The main economy activity of the province is animal husbandry. In 2022, there were 2.3 million head of livestock in the province.[31] In 2010, the GDP of the province is divided into agriculture (45%), services (40.2%) and industry (14.8%). In 2018, the province contributed to 1.15% of the total national GDP of Mongolia.[32]
Governors
|
First secretaries (1940–1992)
|
Chairmen of executive committee (1940–1992)
|
Governors (after 1992)
|
Transportation
The Ölgii Airport (ULG/ZMUL) has one runway, unpaved until 2011. It offers regular flights to Ulaanbaatar and irregular flights to Ulaangom and Mörön in Mongolia and Almaty in Kazakhstan.
A road connecting to Russia starts in Tsagaannuur.
The border with China is open only for a short time in the summer.
Notes
- Mongolian: Баян-Өлгий, IPA: [ˈpajɴ ɵɮˈɟiː]; Oirat: Байн-Өлгий, IPA: [ˈpajɴ ɵlʲˈɡʲiː]; Kazakh: Бай-Өлке, romanized: Bai-Ölke, arabized: باي- ٴولكە, IPA: [ˌb̥aj‿ɵʎˈcʰe]; lit. 'Wealthy Region'
