Bellerophon
Ancient Greek hero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bellerophon[1] or Bellerophontes (Ancient Greek: Βελλεροφῶν; Βελλεροφόντης, lit. 'slayer of Belleros') or Hipponous (Ancient Greek: Ἱππόνοος, lit. 'horse-knower'),[2] was a divine Corinthian hero of Greek mythology, the son of Poseidon and Eurynome, and the foster son of Glaukos. He was "the greatest hero and slayer of monsters, alongside Cadmus and Perseus, before the days of Heracles".[3] Among his greatest feats was killing the Chimera of the Iliad, a monster that Homer depicted with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail: "her breath came out in terrible blasts of burning flame."[4]
| Bellerophon | |
|---|---|
| Member of the Corinthian Royal Family | |
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| Other names | Hipponous |
| Predecessor | Iobates |
| Successor | Hippolochus |
| Abode | Potniae, later Argos and Lycia |
| Symbols | Cape, Spear |
| Genealogy | |
| Parents | Poseidon and Eurynome Glaucus and Eurymede |
| Siblings | Deliades and several paternal half-siblings |
| Consort | Philonoe Asteria |
| Offspring | Isander, Hippolochus and Laodamia Hydissos |
Bellerophon was also known for capturing and taming the winged horse Pegasus with the help of Athena's charmed bridle, and earning the disfavour of the gods after attempting to ride Pegasus to Mount Olympus.[5]
Etymology
One possible etymology that has been suggested is: Βελλεροφόντης Bellerophóntēs, from Ancient Greek βέλεμνον bélemnon, βελόνη belóne or βέλος bélos ("projectile, dart, javelin, needle, arrow") and -φόντης -phóntēs ("slayer") from φονεύω phoneúō ("to slay").[a]
However, Geoffrey Kirk says that "Βελλεροφόντης means 'slayer of Belleros'".[8] According to the Scholia of Homer, Bellerophon was named so after having slain a Corinthian citizen of that same name by accident, while practicing his knife throwing,[9] which caused him to be exiled to Lycia; this origin hypothesis would correspond to how Hermes got his epithet Argeiphontes (lit. 'slayer of Argus') after slaying Argus.[10] According to some scholars, Belleros could have also been a local Lycian daimon, as Bellerophon's name "invited all sorts of speculation".[8][b]
The only other authors to mention a Belleros killed by Bellerophon are two Byzantine scholars, John Tzetzes and Eustathius of Thessalonica, who both seem to be following Bellerophon's own name-etymology.[12][AI-generated source?]
Robert Graves suggests a possible etymology via beleēphoron, interpreted as "bearing darts".[13] Joseph T. Shipley interprets the name Bellerophon as meaning "slayer of monsters".[14]
Family
Bellerophon was the son of the mortal Eurynome[15] (or Eurymede[16]) and Poseidon; having been raised by his foster father Glaukos. He was the brother of Deliades (also named Peiren or Alcimenes).[17]
Bellerophon was the father of Isander[18] (Peisander),[19] Hippolochus,[20] and Laodamia[21] (Deidamia[22] or Hippodamia[23]) by Philonoe,[24][AI-generated source?] daughter of King Iobates of Lycia. Philonoe was also known under several other names: Alkimedousa or Cassandra,[25] Anticleia,[26] or Pasandra.[27] In some accounts, Bellerophon also fathered Hydissos by Asteria, daughter of Hydeus.[28]
Mythology
The Iliad vi.155–203 contains an embedded narrative told by Bellerophon's grandson Glaucus (who was named after his great-grandfather), which recounts Bellerophon's myth. In this narrative, Bellerophon's father is Glaucus,[29] who is the King of Potniae and son of Sisyphus; Bellerophon's grandsons Sarpedon and the younger Glaucus fight in the Trojan War.
In Stephanus of Byzantium's Ethnica, a genealogy is given for a figure named Chrysaor ("of the golden sword"), which would make him a double of Bellerophon: he is called the son of Glaucus (son of Sisyphus). Chrysaor has no myth besides that of his birth: from the severed neck of Medusa, who was with child by Poseidon, he and Pegasus are both born at the moment of her death. "From this moment we hear no more of Chrysaor, the rest of the tale concerning the stallion only ... [who visited the spring of Pirene] perhaps also for his brother's sake, by whom in the end he let himself be caught, the immortal horse by his mortal brother."[30]
Exile in Argos
Bellerophon's brave journey begins in a familiar way,[31] with an exile: in one narrative he has murdered his brother, whose name is given as Deliades, Peiren or Alcimenes; a more precise narrative involves him slaying a Corinthian citizen or nobleman called "Belleros"[34] or "Belleron" by accident, while practicing knife-throwing with his friends, which causes the name change from Hipponous to Bellerophon.
In atonement for this crime, he has to make a plea to Proetus, a king in Tiryns, one of the Achaean strongholds of the Argolid. Proetus, by virtue of his kingship, cleanses Bellerophon of his crime. But when the wife of king Proetus – whose name is either Anteia[35] or Stheneboea[36] – tries to make advances on him, he rejects her, causing her to accuse Bellerophon of attempting to make advances on her instead.[37] Proetus dares not satisfy his anger by killing a guest (who is protected by xenia), causing him to finally exile Bellerophon to King Iobates, his father-in-law from the plain of the River Xanthus in Lycia, bearing a sealed letter in a folded tablet which reads: "Please remove this bearer from the world: he attempted to violate my wife, your daughter."[38]
Before opening the tablets, Iobates feasts with Bellerophon for nine days. On reading the tablet's message Iobates too feared the wrath of the Erinyes if he murdered a guest; so he sends Bellerophon on a mission that he deems impossible to survive: to kill the Chimera, living in neighboring Caria. The Chimera is a fire-breathing monster consisting of the body of a goat, the head of a lion and the tail of a serpent. This monster terrorized the nearby countryside.
On his way to Caria, he encounters the famous Corinthian fortune teller Polyeidos, who gives him advice on his upcoming battle, telling Bellerophon that in order to emerge victorious, he would be in need of the mythical Pegasus.
Capturing Pegasus
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To obtain the services of the untamed winged horse, Polyeidos tells Bellerophon to sleep in the temple of Athena. While Bellerophon sleeps, he dreams that Athena sets a golden bridle beside him, saying "Sleepest thou, prince of the house of Aiolos? Come, take this charm for the steed and show it to the Tamer thy father as thou makest sacrifice to him of a white bull."[39] It is there when he awakes and he understands that he has to approach Pegasus while it is drinking from a well. When asked, Polyeidos tells him which well: the never-failing Pirene on the citadel of Corinth, the city of Bellerophon's birth. Bellerophon mounts his steed and flies off, back to Lycia where the Chimera is said to dwell.
Other accounts say that Athena brings Pegasus already tamed and bridled, or that Poseidon the horse-tamer, secretly the father of Bellerophon, brings Pegasus, as Pausanias understood.[40]
The slaying of the Chimera
When Bellerophon arrives in Lycia to face the ferocious Chimera, he cannot harm the monster even while riding Pegasus. But when he feels the Chimera's hot breath, he is struck with an idea. He gets a large block of lead and mounts it on his spear. He then flies head-on towards the Chimera, holding out the spear as far as he can. Before breaking off his attack, he lodges the block of lead inside the Chimera's throat. The beast's fire-breath melts the lead, which blocks its air passage, suffocating it.[41][AI-generated source?] Some red-figure pottery painters show Bellerophon wielding Poseidon's trident instead.[42]
Return to Iobates
When Bellerophon returns victorious to King Iobates,[43] the king is unwilling to believe his story. A series of daunting quests ensues: Bellerophon is sent against the warlike Amazons, who fight like men, but he vanquishes them by dropping boulders from his winged horse; in some narratives, this is preceded by Bellerophon facing off the Solymi.
When he is sent against a Carian pirate, Cheirmarrhus, Iobates' men try to ambush him, but fail when Bellerophon kills everyone sent to assassinate him. The palace guards then are sent against him, but Bellerophon calls upon his father Poseidon, who floods the plain of Xanthus behind Bellerophon as he approaches. To defend themselves, the palace women rush from the gates with their robes lifted high to expose themselves. Unwilling to confront them while they are undressed, Bellerophon withdraws.[44]
Iobates relents, produces the letter, and allowes Bellerophon to marry his daughter Philonoe, the younger sister of Anteia, and shares with him half his kingdom,[46] with its fine vineyards and grain fields. The lady Philonoe bears him Isander (Peisander),[19][47] Hippolochus and Laodamia, who sleeps with Zeus the Counselor and bears Sarpedon, but is slain by Artemis.[48][49][50]
Bellerophon takes his vengeance on Stheneboea and Proetus as well. After returning to the royal couple following the Chimera's death, he pretends to reciprocate Stheneboea's love.[51] He promises to take her away to Caria, and she enthusiastically follows him on Pegasus. But while they are flying over Milos, Bellerophon throws her off the horse and she drowns in the waves below; fishermen find and return her body, and Bellerophon confesses his actions to Proetus, claiming that he has exacted appropriate justice from them both in the form of death for her and grief for him.[52]
Flight to Olympus and fall
As Bellerophon's fame grows, so does his hubris. Bellerophon feels that because of his victory over the Chimera, he deserves to fly to Mount Olympus, the home of the gods. This act angers Zeus and he sends a gadfly to sting Pegasus, causing Bellerophon to fall back to Earth and die. Pegasus completes the flight to Olympus, where Zeus uses him as a pack horse for his thunderbolts.[53]
According to other narratives, on the Plain of Aleion ("Wandering") in Cilicia, Bellerophon, who has been blinded after falling into a thorn bush, lives out his life in misery, "devouring his own soul", until he dies.[54][55]
Euripides' Bellerophon
Enough fragments of Euripides' lost tragedy Bellerophon remain (as about thirty quotations in surviving texts) to give scholars a basis for assessing its theme: the tragic outcome of his attempt to storm Olympus on Pegasus. An outspoken passage in which Bellerophon seems to doubt the gods' existence, due to the contrast between the wicked and impious, who live lives of ease, with the suffering of the good is apparently the basis for Aristophanes' imputation of "atheism" to the poet.[56]
Perseus on Pegasus
The replacement of Bellerophon by the more familiar culture hero Perseus was a development of Classical times that was standardized during the Middle Ages and has been adopted by the European poets of the Renaissance and later.[57]
Gallery
Bellerophon seated on Pegasus slaying the Chimera (300–350 B.C.), National Roman Museum – Palazzo Massimo
A Hellenistic Greek mosaic of Bellerophon riding Pegasus while slaying the Chimera, 300–270 BC, Archaeological Museum of Rhodes
A Roman mosaic of Bellerophon slaying the Chimera, 2nd to 3rd centuries AD, Musée de la Romanité
Veroli Casket panel detail showing Bellerophon with Pegasus, dating from 900 to 1000 AD.
Bellerophon riding Pegasus (1914)
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