Birds and Fishes

Written in late 1954 or early 1955,^[1] the poem consists of 21 lines, of which the uneven lines generally have more syllables. It describes a yearly feeding frenzy in October, when fishes drawn to the shore attract large numbers of seabirds. The behavior of the birds is likened to a "witches' sabbath", "mob / Hysteria", and to humans "finding Gold in the street". The birds are attributed with envy, malice, greed, and a lack of pity for the fishes. The poet concludes that ideas of justice and mercy are concerns for neither animals nor God, and that life is characterized by hunger, terror and torment. He sees beauty in this. The quality of the scene described is not related to human concerns of "mercy", "mind" or "goodness", but to "the beauty of God".^[2]

"Birds and Fishes" presents a clear example of how Jeffers viewed nature in his late nature poetry. In his early works, he expressed a worldview close to transcendentalism, and treated nature as a metaphor for human concerns. In the later works, humanity and human concerns are instead metaphors for nature.^[3] In "Birds and Fishes", the poet is ironic when he anthropomorphizes the feasting birds and attributes sins and hysteria to their behavior.^[4] Robert Zaller writes that "in the first part of 'Birds and Fishes', Jeffers almost presents a satiric account of what nature would look like if seen in terms of human behavior".^[5] In the concluding lines the irony is gone. The poem maintains that life on earth is not concerned with "justice and mercy", but reflects a harsh beauty. This is in line with the non-anthropocentric worldview which Jeffers had labeled inhumanism.^[4]