Bone morphogenetic protein 2
Protein found in humans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 or BMP-2 belongs to the TGF-β superfamily of proteins.[5]
Function
BMP-2 like other bone morphogenetic proteins,[6] plays an important role in the development of bone and cartilage. It is involved in the hedgehog pathway, TGF beta signaling pathway, and in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. It is also involved in cardiac cell differentiation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
Like many other proteins from the BMP family, BMP-2 has been demonstrated to potently induce osteoblast differentiation in a variety of cell types.[7]
BMP-2 may be involved in white adipogenesis[8][9] and may have metabolic effects.[8][9]
Interactions
Clinical use and complications
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 is shown to stimulate the production of bone.[14][15] Recombinant human protein (rhBMP-2) is currently available for orthopaedic usage in the United States.[16] Implantation of BMP-2 is performed using a variety of biomaterial carriers ("metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites"[17]) and delivery systems ("hydrogel, microsphere, nanoparticles, and fibers"[17]). While used primarily in orthopedic procedures such as spinal fusion,[18][19] BMP-2 has also found its way into the field of dentistry.[20][21][22]
The use of dual tapered threaded fusion cages and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on an absorbable collagen sponge obtained and maintained intervertebral spinal fusion, improved clinical outcomes, and reduced pain after anterior lumbar interbody arthrodesis in patients with degenerative lumbar disc disease.[18] As an adjuvant to allograft bone or as a replacement for harvested autograft, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) appear to improve fusion rates after spinal arthrodesis in both animal models and humans, while reducing the donor-site morbidity previously associated with such procedures.[19]
A study published in 2011 noted "reports of frequent and occasionally catastrophic complications associated with use of [BMP-2] in spinal fusion surgeries", with a level of risk far in excess of estimates reported in earlier studies.[23][24] An additional review by Agrawal and Sinha of BMP-2 and its common delivery systems in early 2016 showed how "problems like ectopic growth, lesser protein delivery, [and] inactivation of the protein" reveal a further need "to modify the available carrier systems as well as explore other biomaterials with desired properties."[17]