Bora–Witoto languages
Proposed language family of South America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bora–Witóto (also Bora–Huitoto, Bora–Uitoto, or, ambiguously, Witotoan) is a proposal to unite the Boran and Witotoan language families of southwestern Colombia (Amazonas Department) and neighboring regions of Peru and Brazil. Kaufman (1994) added the Andoque language.
| Bora–Witóto | |
|---|---|
| Witotoan | |
| (controversial) | |
| Geographic distribution | northwestern Amazon |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | None |
| |
Family division
Genetic relations
Aschmann (1993) proposed Bora–Witoto as a connection between the Boran and Witotoan language families. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection.
Kaufman (2007) includes Bora-Witoto in his Macro-Andean proposal, and added the Andoque language to the Witotoan family.[1] (Aschmann had considered Andoque a language isolate.) These proposals have not been accepted by other linguists. Gildea and Payne (2007) checked Bora-Witoto with Andoque, Proto-Cariban and Yagua, and found Bora-Witoto to be not related to any of the others.
Mason (1950: 236–238) groups Bora–Witoto, Tupian, and Zaparoan together as part of a proposed Macro-Tupí-Guaranían family.[2]
Vocabulary
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in Proto-Bora-Muinane (i.e., Proto-Boran), Bora, Proto-Witotoan, Witoto, and Andoque.
gloss Proto-Bora-Muinane[3] Bora[4] Proto-Witotoan[5] Witoto[4] Andoque[4] head *niga-ɨ nīːkʷàɯ̀ ɨɸogɨ -tai hair *-hee- níːkʷākō ɨɸotɨraɨ ka-tai ʌka-be eye *aʤɨ-ɨ ācɯ̄ː uˑɨθɨ -ʔákʌ ear *nɨ()-meeʔu nɯ́mɨ̄̇ō ?**()po heɸo -bei nose *tɨhɨ-ʔu Tɨ́hɨ̄̇ò *topo-(ʔ) doɸo -pɤta tooth *iʔgai íʔkʷāhɨ̀ ?**iiʔ-gi-() iθido -kódi tongue *nehe nɨ́ːhɨ̄̇ʔkʷā ?**()pe iɨɸe -sodɤ̃ mouth *i-hɨ īʔhʲɯ̀ **(-)po(e) ɸue -ɸi hand *ʔutʦe ōhtsɨ̄̇ onoɟɨ -dobi foot *ttɨʔaai mēhtíā **(ï)ta() (lower leg) eˑɨɟɨ -dʌka breast *mɨppaino **xebae-gaï -ɲeé meat *ʔookuu, *duu éːkó ɟɨkɨθi -ɤ̃ta blood *tɨɨ **tï-xë(ʔe) dɨe -duʔs bone *bakkɨ p̻āhkɯ̄ iɟaikɨ -tadɤ̃ person *m()a-mɨnaa-ppi (sg.), *m()a-mɨnaa (pl.) kʷàhp̻ì ɨima ʝóʔhʌ name *momo **maime mamekɨ -ti dog *ʔuuʔi ōíp̻ʲē **xï̄ʔko hɨko ĩɲõ fish āmōmè ɟɨkɨaɨ bei louse *gaaini-ʔu kʷāánī ɨboma táʔsi tree *ɨmo-ʔo ɯ̄mèè ?**(aï)me() amena kɤ̃́ʔɤ̃dɤ leaf *-ʔaame ɨ́nāʔámɨ̄̇ rabe -sedɤ̃ flower θaɸia water *nɨ-ppai()u nēhp̻ākʲō **nō-() hɨnui dúʔu fire *kɨɨhɨ-gai kɯ́ːhɯ̄kʷā irai ʌʔpa stone néékʷājī **goti- noɸɨkɨ ɸisi earth *hiinɨ-he ìīɲɯ̀ *xáénï̄ʔ-xë enɨe ɲṍʔĩ salt *ɨmo **(ï)xaidzaï(ga) ɨaiθaɨ road **(na)xï̄() naˑɨθo dubɤ, õbɤ eat *matʧu **d(o)ʔ, **gōī(ne) guite -baʔi- die *gihe-βo baˑɨde ĩ-hʌ́ʌ- I *uu ōō **(k)ōō-xe(ʔe) kue o-ʔɤ you *ɨɨ **ō-xe(ʔe) o ha-ʔɤ