Bororoan languages
Language family indigenous to Brazil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Borôroan languages of Brazil and Bolivia are Borôro and the extinct Umotína, Kovareka, Kuruminaka and Otuke. They are sometimes considered to form part of the proposed Macro-Jê language family,[1][2]: 547 though this has been disputed.[3]: 64–8
- Borôroan
- Umotína †
- Otuke–Bororo
They are called the Borotuke languages by Mason (1950), a portmanteau of Bororo and Otuke.[4]
Languages
The relationship between the languages is,[5]
- Umotina (†)
- Otuke–Bororo
- Borôro
- ? Bororo of Cabaçal (Aravirá) (†)
- Otuke (†), ?Gorgotoqui (†)
- Kovareka–Kuruminaka (†)
Gorgotoqui may have also been a Bororoan language.[6][7]
Bororo of Cabaçal, which has been documented by Johann Natterer[8] and Francis de Castelnau,[9] has been identified by Camargo (2014) as a separate language distinct from Bororo proper.[10]
Loukotka (1968)
Loukotka (1968) lists the following languages of the Boróro stock:[11]
- Boróro / Coroados / Biribocone - extinct language once spoken on the Cabaçal and Jauru Rivers, state of Mato Grosso.
- Aravirá – extinct language once spoken on the Cabaçal River and Sepotuba River in Mato Grosso. [Is a synonym of Bororo of Cabaçal.[12]]
- Orari / Eastern Boróro / Orarimugodoge - language spoken by an ancient warlike tribe on the Valhas River, Garças River, and Madeira River, Mato Grosso. [Is a dialect of Bororo proper.]
- Umutina / Barbudo - spoken by a few families between the Paraguai and Bugres Rivers, Mato Grosso.
- Otuque / Loushiru - spoken at the ancient mission of Santo Corazon in the Bolivian Chaco, now by a few individuals.
- Covare - extinct language once spoken at the ancient mission of Santa Ana de Chiquitos, Bolivia.
- Curumina - extinct language from the ancient mission of Casalvasco.
- Curucane / Carruacane - extinct language once spoken at the ancient mission of San Rafael, Bolivia. (Unattested.)
- Curave / Ecorabe - extinct language once spoken at the ancient mission of Santo Corazon, Bolivia. (Unattested.)
- Tapii - extinct language from the ancient mission of Santiago de Chiquitos, Bolivia. (Unattested.)
Mason (1950)
The following are listed as Bororo varieties by Mason (1950):
- Bororo
- Eastern: Orarimugudoge
- Western: Cabasal; Campanya
- Acioné
- Aravira
- Biriuné
- Coroa (?)
- Coxipo (?)
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[11]
gloss Boróro Orari Umutina Otuque tongue i-táuro i-kaura azoː ki-taho hand i-kéra i-kera azyida seni fire yóru dzyóru zoːruː reru stone tori tori tauri tohori sun kueri meri baru neri moon ári ari aːliː ari earth róto mottu moto moktuhu jaguar adúgo adugo azyukuetá anteko fish kare karo haré aharo house bái bai isipá huala bow baíga voiga bóika vevika
Proto-language
For a list of Proto-Bororo reconstructions by Camargos (2013), see the corresponding Portuguese article.
External relations
The Bororoan languages are commonly thought to be part of the Macro-Jê language family.[1][2]: 547
Ceria & Sandalo (1995) note parallels between Bororo and the Guaicuruan languages.[13] Kaufman (1994) has suggested a relationship with the Chiquitano language,[14] which Nikulin (2020) considers to be a sister of Macro-Jê.[3] Furthermore, Nikulin (2019) has suggested that Bororoan has a relationship with the Cariban and Kariri languages:[15]
gloss Proto-Bororo Kariri Proto-Cariban tooth *ɔ dza *(j)ə ear *bidʒa beɲe *pana go *tu *tə tree *i dzi *jeje tongue nunu *nuru root mu *mi(t-) hand (a)mɨsã *əmija fat (n.) *ka *ka(t-) seed *a *a fish *karo *kana name *idʒe dze heavy *motɨtɨ madi
An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[16] also found lexical similarities between Bororoan and Cariban.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Guato, Karib, Kayuvava, Nambikwara, and Tupi language families due to contact.[17]
Cariban influence in Bororoan languages was due to the later southward expansion of Cariban speakers into Bororoan territory. Ceramic technology was also adopted from Cariban speakers.[17]: 415 Similarly, Cariban borrowings are also present in the Karajá languages. Karajá speakers had also adopted ceramic technology from Cariban speakers.[17]: 420
Similarities with Cayuvava are due to the expansion of Bororoan speakers into the Chiquitania region.[17]: 416
