Boroughs of New Zealand

Former unit of municipal government in New Zealand From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The boroughs of New Zealand were the administrative divisions representing the country's urban areas, existing from the colonial period until the major local government reforms of 1989 where they were replaced by the modern system of territorial authorities. They were governed by borough and city councils and existed alongside the country's counties, town districts, and other administrative divisions. Boroughs with over 20,000 population could be granted city status.

LocationNew Zealand
CreatedbyMunicipal Corporations Act 1867
Created
  • 28 May 1868 (1868-05-28)
Abolished
  • 1 November 1989 (1989-11-01)
Quick facts Borough, Location ...
Borough
LocationNew Zealand
Created byMunicipal Corporations Act 1867
Created
  • 28 May 1868 (1868-05-28)
Abolished
  • 1 November 1989 (1989-11-01)
Number179 (ever)
106 (Oct 1989)
None (Nov 1989)
Government
  • Borough or city council
Close

History

See also: Local government in New Zealand § History

Early colonial period

When New Zealand became a British colony in 1840, the Colonial Office tasked Governor William Hobson with promoting the establishment of local municipal and district government within the colony through the issuing of proclamations.[1] The Municipal Corporations Ordinance 1842 was the first legislative attempt at this, with the ordinance stating that any district with a minimum of 2,000 residents could become a borough, meaning a council could be elected with powers to set rates for the provision of roads, water infrastructure and jails.[1] Suffrage was open to all adult men not just landowners.[1] Issues arose when the colonial government found that the ordinance limited their ability to build lighthouses; for this and other reasons the ordinance was disallowed in 1843.[1]

Provincial period

Six provinces were established in New Zealand in 1852. Several provinces passed ordinances establishing their own systems of municipal corporations similar to boroughs, though almost all were established in the prosperous Otago Province.[1] The provinces were abolished in 1876.[2]

Municipal Corporations Act 1867

The first colony-wide framework for municipal government was established through the Municipal Corporations Act 1867. Prior to this point, 21 towns and cities had been formed through numerous ordinances at the provincial level.[3] Under the new legislation, each of these places was able to become a municipal corporation upon petition by at least 50 residents, and from that point be constituted a borough governed by a borough council. New boroughs could also be proclaimed in areas outside the existing 21, provided at least 100 residents petitioned the governor.[4]

Christchurch, Lyttelton, and Kaiapoi became the first boroughs created under the Act, being proclaimed as such by the governor on 28 May 1868.[5]

Municipal Corporations Act 1876

With provinces abolished in 1876, a new Municipal Corporations Act was passed in the same year. This transferred the boroughs established under the previous 1867 Act, allowing them to exist alongside the new system of counties established in separate legislation.[1] Unlike before, they ceased to exist within the boundaries of a province or county, with boroughs and counties instead both becoming top-level local authorities without overlap.

Local Government Act 1974

The Local Government Act 1974 sought to rationalise local government, attempting to tackle the problem whilst dealing with staunchly independent local authorities.[6] The Act abolished the distinction between boroughs and counties, and allowed for the creation of regional units of government.[6] The Act also increased the powers of the Local Government Commission.[6]

1989 reforms

In 1989, the Fourth Labour Government enacted major reforms to local government, under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1974. Around 850 local authorities were amalgamated together into 86, with many boroughs amalgamating with their surrounding rural areas to form district councils.[1]

City status

Under the Municipal Corporations Act, boroughs could be given city status. A purely ceremonial designation, such boroughs had "city councils" rather than "borough councils."[7]

The 1868 Amendment Act to the Municipal Corporations Act 1867 enabled certain cities and towns to be designated as cities under said Act; said cities and towns being Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch and Dunedin.[8] After the passing of the Municipal Corporations Act 1886, provisions were expanded so that boroughs with at least 20,000 people could also be granted city status.[7][9]

List of boroughs

More information Borough, Established ...
Borough Established Abolished Existed for Granted city status Successor
Kaitaia 1 September 1945[10] 1 November 1989[11] 44 years No Far North District[11]
Kaikohe 1 July 1947[12] 1 November 1989[11] 42 years No Far North District[11]
Whangarei 1 October 1896[13] 1 November 1989[11] 93 years 21 May 1964[14] Whangarei District[11]
Dargaville 1 July 1908[15] 1 November 1989[11] 81 years No Kaipara District[11]
Helensville 6 February 1947[16] 1 November 1989[11] 42 years No Rodney District[11]
East Coast Bays 1 April 1954[17] 1 November 1989[11] 35 years 1 April 1975[18] North Shore City[11]
Birkenhead 11 April 1888[19] 1 November 1989[11] 101 years 15 March 1978[20] North Shore City[11]
Devonport 6 May 1886[21] 1 November 1989[11] 103 years No North Shore City[11]
Northcote 1 January 1908[22] 1 November 1989[11] 81 years No North Shore City[11]
Takapuna 1 July 1913[23] 1 November 1989[11] 76 years 2 October 1961[24] North Shore City[11]
Waitemata 1 August 1974[25] 1 November 1989[11] 15 years 1 August 1974[26] Waitakere City
Rodney District[11]
Glen Eden 1 April 1953[27] 1 November 1989[11] 36 years No Waitakere City[11]
Henderson 7 November 1946[28] 1 November 1989[11] 43 years No Waitakere City[11]
New Lynn 1 April 1929[29] 1 November 1989[11] 60 years No Waitakere City[11]
Avondale 1 April 1922[30] 1 September 1927[31] 5 years No Auckland City[31]
Grey Lynn / Newton 7 November 1885[32] 1 July 1914[33] 29 years No Auckland City[33]
Auckland 24 April 1871[34] 1 November 1989[11] 118 years 24 April 1871[34] new Auckland City[11]
Mount Albert 1 April 1911[35] 1 November 1989[11] 78 years 22 August 1978[36] new Auckland City[11]
Mount Eden 15 August 1906[37] 1 November 1989[11] 83 years No new Auckland City[11]
Mount Roskill 2 October 1947[38] 1 November 1989[11] 42 years No new Auckland City[11]
Newmarket 5 May 1885[39] 1 November 1989[11] 104 years No new Auckland City[11]
Onehunga 19 April 1877[40] 1 November 1989[11] 112 yeats No new Auckland City[11]
One Tree Hill 1 April 1930[41] 1 November 1989[11] 59 years No new Auckland City[11]
Parnell 19 April 1877[42] 15 February 1913[43] 36 years No Auckland City[43]
Ellerslie 1 April 1938[44] 1 November 1989[11] 51 years No new Auckland City[11]
Mount Wellington 3 May 1952[45] 19 October 1986[46] 34 years No Tamaki Borough[46]
Otahuhu 2 September 1912[47] 19 October 1986[46] 74 years No Tamaki Borough[46]
Tamaki 19 October 1986[46] 1 November 1989[11] 3 years 28 January 1987[48] new Auckland City
new Manukau City[11]
Howick 1 April 1952[49] 1 November 1989[11] 37 years No new Manukau City[11]
Manurewa 29 October 1937[50] 3 September 1965[51] 28 years No Manukau City[51]
Papatoetoe 10 June 1946[52] 1 November 1989[11] 43 years 1 October 1965[53] new Manukau City[11]
Manukau 3 September 1965[51] 1 November 1989[11] 24 years 3 September 1965[51] new Manukau City
Papakura District[11]
Papakura 1 April 1938[54] 1 November 1989[11] 51 years 1 January 1975[55] Papakura District[11]
Tuakau 1 January 1955[56] 1 November 1989[11] 34 years No Franklin District[11]
Waiuku 1 January 1955[57] 1 November 1989[11] 34 years No Franklin District[11]
Pukekohe 1 April 1912[58] 1 November 1989[11] 77 years No Franklin District[11]
Huntly 1 February 1931[59] 1 November 1989[11] 59 years No Waikato District[11]
Thames 5 November 1873[60] 1 October 1975[61] 102 years No Thames-Coromandel District[61]
Waihi 1 March 1902[62] 1 November 1989[11] 87 years No Hauraki District[11]
Paeroa 1 July 1915[63] 1 November 1989[11] 74 years No Hauraki District[11]
Ngaruawahia 11 September 1920[64] 1 November 1989[11] 69 years No Waikato District[11]
Frankton 28 March 1913[65] 1 April 1917[66] 4 years No Hamilton Borough[66]
Hamilton 24 December 1877[67] 1 November 1989[11] 112 years 12 December 1945[68] new Hamilton City[11]
Matamata 1 April 1935[69] 1 November 1989[11] 54 years No Matamata-Piako District[11]
Morrinsville 1 April 1921[70] 1 November 1989[11] 68 years No Matamata-Piako District[11]
Te Aroha 2 May 1898[71] 1 November 1989[11] 91 years No Matamata-Piako District[11]
Cambridge 19 August 1886[72] 1 November 1989[11] 103 years No Waipa District[11]
Te Awamutu 1 April 1915[73] 1 November 1989[11] 74 years No Waipa District[11]
Putaruru 1 July 1947[74] 1 November 1989[11] 42 years No South Waikato District[11]
Otorohanga 1 October 1953[75] 1 November 1971[76] 18 years No Otorohanga County[76]
Tokoroa 1 April 1975[77] 1 November 1989[11] 14 years No South Waikato District[11]
Te Kuiti 1 April 1910[78] 1 April 1976[79] 66 years No Waitomo District[79]
Taupo 1 October 1953[80] 1 December 1988[81] 36 years No Taupo District[81]
Te Puke 1 April 1935[82] 1 November 1989[11] 54 years No Western Bay of Plenty District[11]
Mount Maunganui 1 April 1945[83] 1 November 1989[11] 44 years No Tauranga District[11]
Tauranga 21 February 1882[84] 1 November 1989[11] 107 years 17 April 1963[85] Tauranga District[11]
Rotorua 28 September 1922[86] 1 April 1979[87] 57 years 27 April 1962[88] Rotorua District[87]
Kawerau 1 April 1954[89] 1 April 1989[90] 35 years No Kawerau District[90]
Murupara 10 September 1962[91] 1 November 1989[11] 27 years No Whakatane District[11]
Whakatane 1 September 1917[92] 1 April 1976[93] 59 years No Whakatane District[93]
Opotiki 1 August 1911[94] 1 October 1973[95] 62 years No Opotiki County[95]
Gisborne 12 May 1877[96] 1 November 1989[11] 112 years 1 November 1955[97] Gisborne District[11]
Wairoa 1 October 1909[98] 1 October 1986[99] 77 years No Wairoa District[99]
Napier 26 November 1874[100] 1 November 1989[11] 115 years 18 March 1950[101] new Napier City[11]
Taradale 1 October 1953[102] 1 April 1968[103] 15 years No Napier City[103]
Hastings 19 August 1886[104] 1 November 1989[11] 103 years 8 September 1956[105] Hastings District[11]
Havelock North 1 April 1952[106] 1 November 1989[11] 37 years No Hastings District[11]
Waipawa 1 April 1908[107] 1 April 1978[108] 70 years No Waipawa District[108]
Waipukurau 12 September 1912[109] 1 April 1977[110] 65 years No Waipukurau District[110]
Waitara 6 September 1904[111] 1 October 1986[112] 84 years No North Taranaki District[112]
New Plymouth 11 August 1876[113] 1 November 1989[11] 113 years 21 February 1949[114] New Plymouth District[11]
Eltham 12 October 1901[115] 15 October 1986[116] 85 years No Eltham District[116]
Opunake 17 May 1937[117] 1 April 1956[118] 19 years No Egmont County[118]
Hawera 2 January 1882[119] 1 October 1978[120] 96 years No Hawera District[120]
Inglewood 16 March 1903[121] 11 October 1986[122] 83 years No Inglewood District[122]
Patea 13 October 1881[123] 1 April 1987[124] 106 years No Patea District[124]
Stratford 1 August 1898[125] 1 April 1989[126] 91 years No Stratford District.[126]
Ohakune 1 November 1911[127] 1 April 1988[128] 77 years No Waimarino District[128]
Raetihi 1 November 1921[129] 1 April 1988[128] 67 years No Waimarino District[128]
Taumarunui 1 September 1910[130] 1 November 1989[11] 79 years No Ruapehu District[11]
Wanganui 1 February 1872[131] 1 November 1989[11] 117 years 1 July 1924[132] Wanganui District[11]
Wanganui East / Eastbrook 1 December 1907[133] 1 January 1913[134] 6 years No Wanganui Borough[134]
Marton 19 July 1879[135] 1 November 1989[11] 110 years No Rangitikei District[11]
Taihape 1 June 1906[136] 1 November 1989[11] 83 years No Rangitikei District[11]
Feilding 7 July 1881[137] 1 November 1989[11] 108 years No Manawatu District[11]
Palmerston North 12 July 1877[138] 1 November 1989[11] 112 years 1 August 1930[139] new Palmerston North City[11]
Dannevirke 10 November 1892[140] 28 April 1987[141] 94 years No Dannevirke District[141]
Pahiatua 1 September 1892[142] 1 November 1989[11] 97 years No Tararua District[11]
Foxton 18 April 1888[143] 1 November 1989[11] 101 years No Horowhenua District[11]
Levin 1 April 1906[144] 1 November 1989[11] 83 years No Horowhenua District[11]
Shannon 1 August 1917[145] 1 April 1966[146] 49 years No Horowhenua County[146]
Eketahuna 1 April 1907[147] 1 January 1975[148] 68 years No Eketahuna County[148]
Woodville 1 July 1887[149] 5 May 1987[150] 102 years No Woodville District[150]
Kapiti 2 September 1974[151] 1 November 1989[11] 15 years No Kapiti Coast District[11]
Otaki 1 March 1921[152] 1 November 1989[11] 68 years No Kapiti Coast District[11]
Porirua 31 August 1962[153] 1 November 1989[11] 27 years 2 October 1965[154] new Porirua City
new Wellington City[11]
Upper Hutt 1 February 1926[155] 1 November 1989[11] 63 years 28 May 1966[156] new Upper Hutt City[11]
Petone 5 July 1888[157] 1 November 1989[11] 101 years No Lower Hutt City[11]
Lower Hutt 1 February 1891[158] 1 November 1989[11] 98 years 1 February 1941[159] new Lower Hutt City
new Wellington City[11]
Eastbourne 1 April 1906[160] 1 November 1989[11] 83 years No new Lower Hutt City[11]
Wellington 16 September 1870[161] 1 November 1989[11] 119 years 16 September 1870[161] new Wellington City[11]
Tawa / Tawa Flat 1 October 1953[162] 1 November 1989[11] 36 years No new Wellington City[11]
Karori 7 September 1891[163] 1 April 1920[164] 29 years No Wellington City[164]
Melrose 5 March 1888[165] 1 April 1903[166] 15 years No Wellington City[166]
Miramar 15 November 1904[167] 1 February 1921[168] 17 years No Wellington City[168]
Onslow 13 March 1890[169] 1 April 1919[170] 29 years No Wellington City[170]
Masterton 10 July 1877[171] 1 April 1989[172] 112 years No Masterton District[172]
Carterton 1 July 1887[173] 1 April 1989[174] 102 years No Carterton District[174]
Featherston 1 September 1917[175] 1 November 1989[11] 72 years No South Wairarapa District[11]
Greytown 1 December 1878[176] 1 November 1989[11] 111 years No South Wairarapa District[11]
Martinborough 1 April 1928[177] 1 November 1989[11] 61 years No South Wairarapa District[11]
Motueka 8 December 1899[178] 1 April 1989[179] 89 years No Tasman District[179]
Richmond 1 July 1891[180] 1 April 1989[179] 98 years No Tasman District[179]
Nelson 30 March 1874[181] 1 November 1989[11] 115 years 30 March 1874[181] new Nelson City[11]
Blenheim 6 March 1869[182] 1 November 1989[11] 120 years No Marlborough District[11]
Picton 9 August 1876[183] 1 November 1989[11] 113 years No Marlborough District[11]
Westport 16 April 1873[184] 1 November 1989[11] 116 years No Buller District[11]
Brunner 1 November 1887[185] 1 May 1970[186] 83 years No Grey County[186]
Greymouth 16 July 1868[187] 1 November 1989[11] 121 years No Grey District[11]
Runanga 1 May 1912[188] 1 November 1989[11] 77 years No Grey District[11]
Hokitika 24 August 1868[189] 1 November 1989[11] 121 years No Westland District[11]
Kumara 23 July 1877[190] 1 April 1969[191] 92 years No Westland County[191]
Ross 1 January 1878[192] 1 April 1972[193] 94 years No Westland County[193]
Kaiapoi 28 May 1868[5] 1 November 1989[11] 121 years No Waimakariri District[11]
Christchurch 28 May 1868[5] 1 November 1989[11] 121 years 20 October 1868[8] new Christchurch City[11]
Riccarton 1 January 1913[194] 1 November 1989[11] 76 years No new Christchurch City[11]
Linwood 22 February 1893[195] 1 April 1903[196] 10 years No Christchurch City[196]
New Brighton 1 February 1897[197] 1 April 1941[198] 44 years No Christchurch City[198]
St Albans 24 November 1881[199] 1 April 1903[196] 22 years No Christchurch City[196]
Spreydon 1 April 1911[200] 1 April 1921[201] 10 years No Christchurch City[201]
Sumner 1 June 1891[202] 1 April 1945[203] 54 years No Christchurch City[203]
Sydenham 20 September 1877[204] 1 April 1903[196] 26 years No Christchurch City[196]
Woolston 27 July 1893[205] 1 November 1921[206] 28 years No Christchurch City[206]
Lyttelton 28 May 1868[5] 1 November 1989[11] 121 years No Banks Peninsula District[11]
Akaroa 22 July 1876[207] 31 March 1957[208] 81 years No Akaroa County[208]
Rangiora 14 May 1878[209] 1 October 1986[210] 108 years No Rangiora District[210]
Ashburton 30 July 1878[211] 1 November 1989[11] 111 years No Ashburton District[11]
Geraldine 15 December 1904[212] 1 November 1989[11] 85 years No Timaru District[11]
Temuka 1 September 1899[213] 1 November 1989[11] 90 years No Timaru District[11]
Timaru 13 July 1868[214] 1 November 1989[11] 121 years 5 November 1948[215] Timaru District[11]
Waimate 8 September 1879[216] 1 April 1989[217] 110 years No Waimate District[217]
Oamaru 5 August 1880[218] 1 November 1989[11] 109 years No Waitaki District[11]
Hampden 8 September 1879[219] 1 April 1967[220] 88 years No Waitaki County[220]
Palmerston 12 November 1877[221] 1 April 1967[222] 90 years No Waihemo County[222]
Arrowtown 10 July 1877[223] 1 November 1989[11] 112 years No Queenstown-Lakes District[11]
Queenstown 31 October 1877[224] 16 October 1986[225] 109 years No Queenstown-Lakes District[225]
Alexandra 1 October 1878[226] 1 November 1989[11] 111 years No Central Otago District[11]
Naseby 1 June 1881[227] 1 November 1989[11] 108 years No Central Otago District[11]
Roxburgh 14 August 1877[228] 1 November 1989[11] 112 years No Central Otago District[11]
Cromwell 16 October 1877[229] 1 November 1989[11] 112 years No Central Otago District[11]
Waikouaiti / Hawksbury 28 September 1880[230] 1 April 1966[231] 86 years No Waikouaiti County[231]
Dunedin 21 December 1877[232] 1 November 1989[11] 112 years 21 December 1877[232] new Dunedin City[11]
Green Island 18 January 1878[233] 1 November 1989[11] 111 years No new Dunedin City[11]
Mosgiel 1 April 1885[234] 1 November 1989[11] 104 years No new Dunedin City[11]
Port Chalmers 19 December 1884[235] 1 November 1989[11] 105 years No new Dunedin City[11]
St Kilda 2 August 1877[236] 1 November 1989[11] 112 years No new Dunedin City[11]
Caversham 28 May 1877[237] 1 November 1904[238] 27 years No Dunedin City[238]
Maori Hill 15 May 1877[239] 1 January 1916[240] 39 years No Dunedin City[240]
Mornington 12 May 1877[241] 1 January 1916[242] 39 years No Dunedin City[242]
North-East Valley 25 October 1877[243] 15 October 1910[244] 33 years No Dunedin City[244]
Roslyn 12 May 1877[245] 1 November 1912[246] 35 years No Dunedin City[246]
South Dunedin 23 July 1877[247] 1 April 1905[248] 28 years No Dunedin City[248]
West Harbour 20 October 1877[249] 1 May 1963[250] 86 years No Dunedin City[250]
Clyde 11 May 1878[251] 21 September 1878[252] 4 months No Vincent County[252]
Balclutha 15 November 1877[253] 1 November 1989[11] 112 years No Clutha District[11]
Lawrence 11 May 1877[254] 1 November 1989[11] 112 years No Clutha District[11]
Tapanui 12 May 1877[255] 1 November 1989[11] 112 years No Clutha District[11]
Kaitangata 1 August 1887[256] 17 October 1986[257] 102 years No Bruce District[257]
Milton 25 October 1877[258] 17 October 1986[257] 109 years No Bruce District[257]
Winton 1 January 1887[259] 1 November 1989[11] 102 years No Southland District[11]
Riverton 9 June 1879[260] 1 April 1983[261] 104 years No Wallace County[261]
Gore 8 July 1885[262] 1 November 1989[11] 104 years No Gore District[11]
Mataura 1 November 1895[263] 1 November 1989[11] 94 years No Gore District[11]
North Invercargill 27 July 1880[264] 10 January 1910[265] 30 years No Invercargill Borough[265]
Invercargill 3 December 1879[266] 1 November 1989[11] 110 years 1 March 1930[267] Invercargill District[11]
East Invercargill 12 January 1878[268] 10 January 1910[265] 32 years No Invercargill Borough[265]
South Invercargill 29 August 1877[269] 1 June 1956[270] 79 years No Invercargill City[270]
Gladstone 26 January 1880[271] 10 January 1910[265] 30 years No Invercargill Borough[265]
Avenal 11 May 1878[272] 10 January 1910[265] 32 years No Invercargill Borough[265]
Bluff / Campbelltown 27 December 1878[273] 1 November 1989[11] 111 years No Invercargill District[11]
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References

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