Botrytis allii

There are seven different species of Botrytis associated with onions in storage, but the rot induced by B. allii and B. aclada causes the greatest commercial loss. The two can be distinguished microscopically; the conidia of B. allii have a maximum length of 15 μm and mean size of 10.2 × 5.7 μm, while the conidia of B. aclada have a maximum length of 12 μm and mean size of 8.6 × 4.6 μm. The infection is present in the field but does not manifest itself until after harvest, however there may be a falling off of vigour while the crop is still growing, particularly in cool, moist weather. In the stored crop, the rot typically starts in the neck of the bulb but can occur in other parts if there is physical injury.^[3] The scales inside the bulb become progressively translucent and watery and a mycelium develops between them. A mass of grey conidiophores and conidia develop on the mycelium, and blackish sclerotia form at the site of the initial infection.^[3]

In onion crops grown for the production of seed, Botrytis allii can cause spotting and girdling of the stipe (stem) and develop on the sheath that protects the inflorescence and on the flowers themselves. Concentric grey rings may form as the fungus sporulates and the crop may lodge (become flattened).^[3]

It has been shown that a major source of the pathogen is infected seed. In 1973, 71% of commercially available seed was found to be contaminated, and the infection was found to persist for over three years in seeds being stored. In the seedling, infection with B. allii does not produce any symptoms, but the fungus spreads between plants as the conidiophores release spores into the air. The leaf tips are invaded first, the infection spreading down the leaves and into the neck of the bulb, where its presence only becoming apparent when the foliage dies down at the end of the season.^[5]

Botrytis allii grows on Allium species, including onion (A. cepa), aggregating onion (A. cepa var. aggregatum), shallot (A. cepa var. ascalonicum), garlic (A. sativum) and leek (A. porrum). It may also infect wild Allium species and can grow saprophytically on decaying crop residues such as cereal, pea and bean straw. It is capable of colonizing and producing spores on sterilized poppy straw (Papaver somniferum).^[3]

Neck rot caused by Botrytis allii occurs in regions all over the world, but, it is most prevalent in temperate regions due to their conducive climates.^[6] Botrytis allii used to cause significant losses in the onion bulb industry in the UK. Fortunately, by utilization of better harvesting and curing methods, the disease prevalence has decreased.^[7] It is important that the US utilize these methods as well because the onion is a highly produced agronomic crop. In 2005, the US grew 65,000 hectares of onions with a farm gate value of $922 million. Botrytis allii poses a threat to that value because it can potentially cause a 50% reduction in yield if left unchecked.^[6] These losses caused by the disease may be even greater than reported. Detection of this disease is difficult due to the morphologically indistinguishable characteristics of Botrytis species cultured on agar.^[6] Higher quality detection methods of Botrytis allii are starting to be implemented to better differentiate it from other closely related Botrytis species. Within the last 15 years, scientists have been able to get a more accurate picture of Botrytis allii distribution through the use of PCR-RFLP detection methods.