Bythorn

In 1085 William the Conqueror ordered that a survey should be carried out across his kingdom to discover who owned which parts and what it was worth. The survey took place in 1086 and the results were recorded in what, since the 12th century, has become known as the Domesday Book. Starting with the king himself, for each landholder within a county there is a list of their estates or manors; and, for each manor, there is a summary of the resources of the manor, the amount of annual rent that was collected by the lord of the manor both in 1066 and in 1086, together with the taxable value.^[3]

Bythorn was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Leightonstone in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as Bierne in the Domesday Book.^[4] In 1086 there was just one manor at Bythorn; the annual rent paid to the lord of the manor in 1066 had been £5 and the rent had increased to £5 and 5 shillings in 1086.^[5]

The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place but it records that there was 19 households at Bythorn.^[5] There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3.5 to 5.0 people per household.^[6] Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Bythorn in 1086 is that it was within the range of 66 and 95 people.

The Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar terms, such as hides and ploughlands. In different parts of the country, these were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to 120 acres (49 hectares); this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as £1 for tax purposes. The survey records that there was 10 ploughlands at Bythorn in 1086.^[5] In addition to the arable land, there was 30 acres (12 hectares) of meadows at Bythorn.^[5]

The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound. For the manor at Bythorn the total tax assessed was four geld.^[5]

The parish church of St Lawrence is not mentioned in the Domesday Book, but evidence that a stone church stood on the site, in the 12th century, is provided by elements of stone work from this original structure having been incorporated into the walls of the current church.^[7]

Bythorn is part of the civil parish of Bythorn and Keyston, which has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields. The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax. On 1 April 1935 the parish of Bythorn was abolished to form "Bythorn and Keyston".^[8]

Bythorn was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Bythorn became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards.^[9] Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism.^[10] Bythorn is a part of the district ward of Ellington and is represented on the district council by one councillor.^[11][12] District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.

For Bythorn the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services.^[13] Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions.^[14] Bythorn is a part of the electoral division of Sawtry and Ellington and is represented on the county council by one councillor.^[11][15] County councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Cambridgeshire County Council.

At Westminster, Bythorn is in the parliamentary constituency of North West Cambridgeshire and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.^[11] Bythorn is represented in the House of Commons by Shailesh Vara (Conservative). Shailesh Vara has represented the constituency since 2005. The previous member of parliament was Brian Mawhinney (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1997 and 2005.