Carl Heidenreich

Heidenreich was born on October 4, 1901, in Bad Berneck and studied art in the National Arts School in Munich, later becoming one of the first students of Hans Hofmann at his private art school in Munich, the Schule für Bildende Kunst (School of Fine Arts), considered the most progressive in Germany. In 1922, Heidenreich moved to Berlin, where he supported himself as a scene painter in the UFA studios in Babelsberg.^[2] Since the mid-1920s, Heidenreich exhibited actively, including exhibitions at Berlin Secession and the Academy of Arts in Berlin. His work was strongly rooted in German Expressionism, as evidenced by such paintings as Street Encounter (1932).

Heidenreich was a member of the Communist Party of Germany (Opposition) (KPD-O). After the Nazi rise to power in 1933, Heidenreich was deemed a degenerate artist and his upcoming solo exhibition in Berlin was abruptly cancelled.^[3] He was imprisoned by the SS at Berlin's Moabit prison, used as the detention center by the Gestapo. After his release in 1934, Heidenreich escaped to Spain, leaving behind nearly 300 works, most of them destroyed and lost. Deported to France in 1935, he returned to Spain at the start of the Spanish Civil War. Heidenreich joined the Bataillon de choque Rovira of the Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista (POUM), an Anarcho-Syndicalist unit within the anti-Stalinist Spanish Communist Party, memorialized by George Orwell in his book, Homage to Catalonia. In 1938, he was incarcerated by the Stalinist-controlled Catalonian government and tortured in Barcelona's Modelo prison. A number of paintings and works on paper, documenting this period of Heidenreich's life, survived in private collections. Among them are a series of prison sketches.

In early 1939, as Franco's Falangist forces swept through Barcelona, ending the Spanish Civil War, Heidenreich fled back to Paris, where he stayed until the outbreak of World War II. Imprisoned in 1940 at the camp Cepoy/Loiret as an enemy alien, he made his way to Marseilles. In 1941, with the support of the American Guild for German Cultural Freedom, he received a visa from the US Consulate; in May 1941 he left on the S.S. Capitain Paul Lemerle, reportedly the last ship allowed by the British to pass through the Straits of Gibraltar. After some weeks' internment on the island of Martinique, he was able to book passage on the Duc d'Aumale, arriving in New York at the end of May. An important group of watercolors records his impressions of the Caribbean island.^[4]

Gabriele Saure, Carl Heidenreich (Goethe-Institut, New York)