Central Armed Police Forces
Central Armed police forces of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) are a group of seven armed police units under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, tasked with maintaining internal security, law and order, counterinsurgency, and protecting borders.[2] Previously referred to as "paramilitary" forces, the term was officially discontinued in 2011.[3]
| Central Armed Police Forces | |
|---|---|
| |
| Agency overview | |
| Annual budget | ₹116,789.30 crore (US$12 billion) (2026–27)[1] |
| Legal personality | Government organisations |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Operations jurisdiction | India |
| Governing body | Government of India |
| Specialist jurisdictions |
|
| Operational structure | |
| Elected officer responsible | |
| Parent agency | Ministry of Home Affairs |
| Child agencies | |
| Website | |
| mha.gov.in/central-armed-police-forces | |
The CAPF is classified into three groups: Border Guarding Forces (Assam Rifles, Border Security Force, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, and Sashastra Seema Bal), Forces for Internal Security (Central Industrial Security Force and Central Reserve Police Force), and Special Task Force (National Security Guard).[4] While the Assam Rifles is administratively under the MHA and part of the CAPF, its operational control is handled by the Indian Army.[5] These forces are categorized under the "other armed forces" in the Central List of the Constitution of India and function in accordance with Article 355, which mandates the Central to protect states against "external aggression" and "internal disturbances". Since "police" and "public order" fall under the State List, CAPF units are deployed to support state governments as required, while their powers, jurisdiction, privileges, and liabilities remain under the control of the Central government as specified in the Central List.[6]
Terminology
CAPF were formerly known as Central Paramilitary Forces (CPMF), also variously referred to by Central Police Organisations (CPOs), Paramilitary Forces (PMF), and Central Police Forces (CPF) interchangeably. In 2011, the Government of India released a circular adopting a uniform nomenclature to change the name of the forces to Central Armed Police Forces under the Ministry of Home Affairs. Initially, only five forces—BSF, CRPF, CISF, ITBP, and SSB were covered under the new nomenclature, since AR was under the operational control of the Indian Army, and NSG personnel were completely deputed from the Indian Army and other CAPFs.
The name change was made for political reasons, to improve the international impression of the force, since in some countries the paramilitary refers to militant groups.[7][8][9] Currently, all the seven forces are listed under the CAPF definition by the Ministry.[10]
Role
Central Armed Police Forces are organised with the primary role of border guarding for AR, BSF, ITBP, SSB; Security of sensitive establishments by CISF, Assisting Police to tackle Law & Order, Counter-Terrorist Operations, Counter-Naxal Operations by CRPF, NSG. Apart from the primary role, all CAPFs are involved in assisting the Police in Law & Order situations and also the Army in Counter-Terrorist Operations. BSF, ITBP, and CRPF have assisted the army during external aggression in the past. CAPFs work along with both Indian Army & Police in different roles assigned to them.
Central Armed Police Forces personnel also serve in various important organisations such as Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), Special Protection Group (SPG), National Investigation Agency (NIA), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), State Armed Police Force (Jharkhand Jaguars, Bihar Military Police, UP/MP STF, DRG, IRB, Chattishgarh Armed Police etc.) on deputation and have attachment/training in various levels/formations/courses along with the Indian Army. Their role and performance, therefore, assume a great significance due to the special features of an emergency force that is pressed in aid of the civil power to perform multiple roles in extremely difficult situations.
Organisations
Assam Rifles (AR)
The Assam Rifles is paramilitary force of india responsible for border security, counter-insurgency, and law and order in Northeast India. Its primary role is to guard the 1,643-kilometre-long Indo-Myanmar border. The AR comes under the administration of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), while its operational control is maintained by the Indian Army.[5] It is the oldest paramilitary force in India.
Border Security Force (BSF)
The primary role of the Border Security Force is to guard the Indo-Pakistan and Indo-Bangladesh borders; it is deployed both on the international border and the LOC. The BSF also has active roles during times of war. It has 292,000 personnel in 192 battalions.[11] The 1, 2 and 7 battalion of NDRF are requisitioned from BSF. It is also known for being the largest dedicated border guarding force in the world.
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
One of the largest industrial security forces in the world, the Central Industrial Security Force provides security to various Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and other critical infrastructure installations, major airports across the country and provides security during elections and other internal security duties and VVIP protection. It has a total strength of about 160,500 personnel in 132 battalions[12], including 12 reserve battalions.
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
The Central Reserve Police Force is the largest of the Central Armed Police Forces units with 313,678 personnel in 247 battalions.[12] The Central Reserve Police includes:
- The Rapid Action Force (RAF), a 15 battalion anti-riot force trained to respond to sectarian violence.
- The Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (COBRA), a 10 battalion strong anti-Naxalite/COIN force.[13]
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
The Indo-Tibetan Border Police is deployed for guarding duties on the Indo-China border from Karakoram Pass in Ladakh to Diphu Pass in Arunachal Pradesh covering a total distance of 3,488 km.[14] It has 89,432 personnel in 56 fighting battalions, 2 DM and 4 specialised battalions.[15][12]
National Security Guard (NSG)
The National Security Guard (NSG), commonly known as Black Cats, is a counter-terrorism unit under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It was founded on 16 October 1984 under the National Security Guard Act, 1986. All personnel are deputed from other CAPFs and the Indian Army.
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
The objective of the Sashastra Seema Bal (English: Armed Border Force) is to guard the Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan borders. It has 76,337 personnel and 73 battalions, as well as some reserve battalions.[16][12][17]
Personnel
On 5 February 2019, the Supreme Court of India ruled that five CAPFs would be granted Non-Functional Financial Upgradation (NFFU),[18] and the status of Organised Group ‘A’ Services (OGAS), ending a nearly decade-long battle for the central armed police. In the judgment by Rohinton Fali Nariman and M. R. Shah, the court said that officers from BSF, CRPF, SSB, ITBP, and CISF should be granted the NFFU and will be considered as Organised Group A Central Services.[19][20]
In July 2019, the Central Cabinet granted[21][22] Organised Group 'A' Service (OGAS) status to Group 'A' executive cadre officers of five Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF). It also extended the benefit of Non-Functional Financial Up-gradation(NFFU) and Non-Functional Selection Grade (NFSG) to the executive cadre officers at an enhanced rate of 30%.
However, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) interpreted this judgment narrowly, clarifying that the OGAS status granted was for the limited purpose of extending the benefit of NFFU and NFSG to the eligible officers, and not for all purposes.[23]
On 23 May 2025, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the Group 'A' Executive cadres of the five CAPFs are OGAS for all purposes, and that they cannot be granted one benefit and denied the other.[24] In the judgment by Abhay S. Oka and Ujjal Bhuyan, the court held the view that the number of posts earmarked for deputation up to the level of the Senior Administrative Grade (SAG) in each of the five CAPFs should be progressively reduced within an outer limit of two years.[25][26]
On 28 October 2025, the Supreme Court of India dismissed the review petition filed by the Ministry of Home Affairs against the judgment dated 23 May 2025.[27]
As of 2026, the Ministry of Home Affairs continues to appoint Indian Police Service officers to senior positions up to the level of the Senior Administrative Grade (SAG) in the five CAPFs without notifying any amendment in the service rules/recruitment rules of the Group 'A' Executive cadres of the CAPFs or carrying out a cadre review in any of the CAPFs which was due in the year 2021.[28][29][30]
On 02 April 2026, the Parliament passed the 'Central Armed Police Forces (General Administration) Bill, 2026' which received the President's assent on 09 April 2026 and was subsequently notified in the Gazette of India as the 'Central Armed Police Forces (General Administration) Act, 2026' on the same day, thereby effectively overturning the May 2025 judgment of the Supreme Court of India. [31][32][33]
The Act empowers the Ministry of Home Affairs to frame rules providing for reservation of posts within the five CAPFs in the deputation of IPS officers at 50% at the Inspector-General (SAG) level, a minimum of 67% at the Additional Director-General level, and 100% at the Special Director-General and Director-General levels. [34]
Though hailed by the Government and members of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party to be an umbrella-law designed to minimise 'unnecessary litigation' by unifying the fragmented rules governing the conditions of service of the cadre officers of the five CAPFs, with a view towards harmonising judicial directions with administrative and federal requirements, this move effectively nullified the Organised Group 'A' Service status of the Group 'A' Executive cadre officers of the five CAPFs. [35] It was met with widespread criticism by the Opposition, with the LoP (LS) Rahul Gandhi vowing to deliver complete justice to the cadre officers of the CAPFs if voted to power, and Members of Parliament Vivek Tankha of the INC and Mahua Moitra of the AITC pointing out the infirmities in the legislation, most notably a 'constitutionally impermissible' attempt to negate binding judicial directions by way of rules (secondary legislation), in addition to employing a non-obstante clause without removing the defects forming the substratum of the judgment and contrary to the spirit of multiple judgments of the Supreme Court, Union Cabinet's 2019 decision and recommendations of various Parliamentary Committees. [36][37]
Several contempt petitions against the Union Home Secretary, Govind Mohan have been filed in the Supreme Court pending adjudication.[38]
Recruitment
Recruitment of candidates to the CAPFs may be conducted by the Union Public Service Commission CAPF- AC exam, the Staff Selection Commission CPO exam, or the respective service HQs, depending on the post to be filled. The medical officers of the CAPFs, NSG, and AR are recruited via a common interview/personality test by the medical officers selection board (MOSB) constituted by the office of ADG(Medical), CAPFs, NSG, and AR. The allotment of the force to the officer in any above exams is based on the merit rank and preference list.
The Ministry of Home Affairs and the Staff Selection Commission of the Central Government of India allowed the recruitment examination of the CAPF be conducted in Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Malayalam, Meitei (Manipuri), Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Odia, Urdu, Punjabi, and Konkani, 13 of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic, in addition to Hindi and English.[39][40]
Rank structure
- Officers
- Personnel other than officers
| Rank group | Subordinate Officers (SO) | Non commissioned officers (NCO) | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Assam Rifles[50] |
 |
 |
 |
 |
No insignia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subedar major सूबेदार मेजर |
Subedar सूबेदार |
Naib subedar नायब सूबेदार |
Warrant officer - |
Havildar[note 10] हवलदार |
Rifleman[note 11] - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Border Security Force |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
No insignia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subedar major सूबेदार मेजर |
Inspector निरीक्षक |
Sub-inspector उप निरीक्षक |
Assistant sub-inspector सहायक उप निरीक्षक |
Head constable हवलदार |
Constable कनिष्ठबल | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Central Industrial Security Force[43][44][51] |
|
|
|
 |
No insignia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inspector निरीक्षक |
Sub inspector उप निरीक्षक |
Assistant sub-inspector सहायक उप निरीक्षक |
Head constable हवलदार |
Constable कनिष्ठबल | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Central Reserve Police Force[45][46] |
 |
 |
 |
 |
|
No insignia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subedar major सूबेदार मेजर |
Inspector निरीक्षक |
Sub-inspector उप निरीक्षक |
Assistant sub-inspector सहायक उप निरीक्षक |
Head constable हवलदार |
Constable कनिष्ठबल | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Indo-Tibetan Border Police[47] |
 |
 |
 |
|
 |
 |
No insignia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subedar major सूबेदार मेजर |
Subedar/Inspector सूबेदार/निरीक्षक |
Sub inspector उप निरीक्षक |
Head constable हवलदार |
Naik नायक |
Lance naik लांस नायक |
Constable कनिष्ठबल | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 National Security Guard[48] |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
No insignia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subedar major सूबेदार मेजर |
Assistant commander-1 - |
Assistant commander-2 - |
Assistant commander-3 - |
Ranger grade I - |
Ranger grade II - |
Combatised tradesmen - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Sashastra Seema Bal[49] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No insignia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subedar major सूबेदार मेजर |
Inspector निरीक्षक |
Sub inspector उप निरीक्षक |
Assistant sub-inspector सहायक उप निरीक्षक |
Head constable हवलदार |
Naik नायक |
Lance naik लांस नायक |
Constable कनिष्ठबल | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rank group | Subordinate Officers (SO) | Non commissioned officers (NCO) | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- Officers
Officers in CAPFs are recruited through the Central Armed Police Forces (Assistant Commandants) Examination conducted by UPSC. They are appointed as Assistant Commandants and are Gazetted Officers generally referred to as DAGOs (Directly Appointed Gazetted Officers) in CRPF, AC (Direct Entry) in BSF. DEGOs (Departmental Entry Gazetted Officers) are those officers who have been promoted through departmental exams conducted internally for Subordinate Officers. They are known as encounter specialists among the police forces of India.
- Enlisted ranks
Sub Inspectors are recruited through a competitive examination conducted by the Staff Selection Commission, and they are referred to as DASOs (Directly Appointed Subordinate Officers). DESOs (Departmental Entry Subordinate Officers) are those officers who have been promoted through departmental exams conducted internally for Constables, Head Constables, and Assistant Sub Inspectors. Constables are recruited through a competitive examination conducted by Staff Selection Commission. Apart from the above modes, CAPFs conduct recruitment for specialized posts such as Engineers, Doctors, etc., among DAGOs and Wireless operators, Technicians, Nursing Staff, etc., among subordinate officers and constables directly under their own authority (MHA).
Women in CAPF
Women were not recruited for the Central Armed Police Forces until 1992. Earlier, the role of women was limited to supervisory roles.[52] The Parliamentary Committees of India for women's empowerment recommended expanding women's roles in CAPF. The Ministry of Home Affairs declared reservation for women in constabulary, and later declared that they can also be inducted as officers in combat roles in five CAPFs.[52] The Central Home Minister announced that women's representation in the CRPF and CISF would be made 15 percent while it would be 5 percent in the BSF, ITBP and SSB.[53] In 2016, it was decided that 33 percent of posts at the constabulary level would be reserved for women in the CRPF and the CISF, and 14-15 percent of posts at the constable level in the BSF, SSB and ITBP in a phased manner.[54]
See also
- State Armed Police Forces
- Paramilitary forces of India
- Law enforcement in India
- Indian Armed Forces
- People's Armed Police - A similar agency in China
Notes
- Equivalent to the rank lieutenant general (लेफ्टिनेंट - जनरल)
- Equivalent to the rank lieutenant general (लेफ्टिनेंट - जनरल)
- Equivalent to the rank lieutenant general (लेफ्टिनेंट - जनरल)
- Equivalent to the rank major general (मेजर - जनरल)
- Equivalent to the rank lieutenant colonel (लेफ्टिनेंट - कर्नल)
- Equivalent to the rank head constable (-)
