Chandler Bridge Formation
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Geologic formation in South Carolina, US
| Chandler Bridge Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Chattian (Arikareean) ~27–24 Ma | |
| Type | Formation |
| Unit of | Cooper Group |
| Underlies | Edisto Formation |
| Overlies | Ashley Formation |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Sandstone |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 32°48′N 79°48′W / 32.8°N 79.8°W / 32.8; -79.8 |
| Approximate paleocoordinates | 32°54′N 74°12′W / 32.9°N 74.2°W / 32.9; -74.2 |
| Region | South Carolina |
| Country | United States |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Chandler Bridge |
  Chandler Bridge Formation (the United States) Show map of the United States Chandler Bridge Formation (South Carolina) Show map of South Carolina | |
The Chandler Bridge Formation is a geologic formation in South Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Chattian (Late Oligocene) of the Paleogene period, corresponding to the Arikareean in the NALMA classification.[1] The formation overlies the Ashley Formation and is overlain by the Edisto Formation.[2]
Mammals
Carnivorans
| Carnivorans reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Phocidae | Gen. et. sp. indeterminate | Proximal portion of a right femur (ChM PV5712).[3] | "A taxon closely comparable to the most specialized phocid, the modern genus Cystophora". | ||
Cetaceans
| Cetaceans reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Agorophiidae | Upper sandy unit.[4] | Referred to as Genus Y. | |||
| Agorophius | A. sp. | "ChM PV 4256 (a partial skull and mandible with isolated teeth and associated postcrania)".[5] | An odontocete. |  | |
| Ankylorhiza | A. tiedemani | Partial skeleton (CCNHM 103).[6] | An odontocete also found in the Ashley and Belgrade formations. |  | |
| Coronodon | C. newtonorum | A manmade exposure in the vicinity of North Charleston, South Carolina.[7] | Partial skeleton (ChM PV 2778).[7] | A toothed mysticete. | |
| C. planifrons | Drainage ditch in North Charleston, South Carolina.[7] | Partial skeleton (CCNHM 166) & isolated upper right M3 (CCNHM 8732).[7] | A toothed mysticete. | ||
| Cotylocara | C. macei | [8] | A xenorophid. |  | |
| Echovenator | E. sandersi | "Drainage ditch associated with Limehouse Branch Creek, Berkeley County, South Carolina".[9] | A nearly-complete skull.[9] | A xenorophid. | |
| Eomysticetus | E. carolinensis | Bed 2.[10] | A mysticete. | ||
| E whitmorei | Bed 3, uppermost portion of the formation.[10] | A mysticete. | |||
| cf. Eurhinodelphinidae | Upper sandy unit.[4] | ||||
| cf. Squalodelphinidae | Upper sandy unit.[4] | ||||
| Squalodon | A premolar (BCGM 9198).[11] | ||||
Sirenians
| Sirenians reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Crenatosiren | C. olseni | [12] | A dugongid also known from the Ashley and Parachucla formations. | ||
| Metaxytherium | M. albifontanum | Remains of a subadult individual (SC 89.115) and a young adult individual (ChM PV4757).[13] | A dugongid also found in the Parachucla Formation. | ||
| Priscosiren | P. atlantica | SC 89.254.[14] | A dugongid. | ||
| Stegosiren | S. macei | [15] | A dugongid also found in the Ashley Formation. |  | |
Reptiles
Birds
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Birds reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Palaeochenoides | P. mioceanus | Distal end of a tarsometatarsus.[16] | A dubious pelagornithid, may instead be from the Cooper Formation. | ||
| Pelagornis | P. sandersi | Bed 2 near Charleston Airport.[17] | A pelagornithid. |  | |
| Sulidae | Upper sandy unit.[4] | ||||
| Tympanonesiotes | T. wetmorei | A very fragmentary piece of tarsometatarsus.[16] | A dubious pelagornithid, may instead be from the Cooper Formation. | ||
Crocodilians
| Crocodilians reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Gavialosuchus | G. carolinensis | A tooth (BCGM 9197).[11] | Now moved to the genus Thecachampsa.[18] | ||
| Thecachampsa | T. carolinensis | A tooth (BCGM 9197).[11] | A gavialid. |  | |
Testudines
| Testudines reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Ashleychelys | A. palmeri | Multiple specimens.[19] | A cheloniid also found in the Ashley Formation. | ||
| Bairdemys | B. healeyorum | A largely complete skeleton and a partial anterior carapace.[20] | A podocnemid. | ||
| Carolinochelys | C. wilsoni | Upper sandy unit.[4] | Multiple specimens.[19] | A cheloniid. |  |
| cf. Egyptemys | cf. E. sp. | Bed 1.[21] | CCNHM 4289 (a ridged carapacial ossicle).[21] | A dermochelyid. | |
| Natemys | N. sp. 1 | CCNHM 4405.1–4405.5 (five associated non-ridged carapacial ossicles); CCNHM 5540, 5541, and 5542 (three non-ridged carapacial ossicles).[21] | A dermochelyid, also known from the Ashley Formation. | ||
| Procolpochelys | P. charlestonensis | ChM PV6056 (a largely complete carapace associated with a few fragmentary vertebrae, pectoral girdle elements, humerus, and femur) and a skull fragment.[19] | A cheloniid. |  | |
| cf. Psephophorus | cf. P. sp. | Bed 1.[21] | CCNHM 5543 (an isolated ridged ossicle).[21] | A dermochelyid, also found in the Ashley Formation. |  |
Fish
Bony fish
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Bony Fish reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Aglyptorhynchus | A. sp. | 2 isolated vertebral centra.[11] | |||
| Cylindracanthus | C. sp. | Upper sandy unit.[4] | A billfish. | ||
| Histiophorus | H. rotundus | ChM PV4864.[22] | A swordfish, now reassigned to Xiphiorhynchus.[22] | ||
| Xiphiorhynchus | X. cf. X. aegyptiacus | "McKewn Subdivision, North Charleston, Dorchester County, South Carolina".[4] | A partial rostrum.[4] | A swordfish. | |
| X. rotundus | ChM PV4864.[22] | A swordfish. | |||
Rays
| Rays reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Anoxypristis | A single rostral spine.[11] | A sawfish. |  | ||
| Dasyatidae | Dasyatidae gen. et. sp. indet. | Teeth (BCGM 9100 and 9101, SC 2009.18.19).[11] | A stingray. | ||
| Dasyatis | D. cavernosa | Teeth (BCGM 9096, 9097, and 9103, SC 2009.18.17).[11] | A stingray. | ||
| D. rugosa | BCGM 9098 and 9099, SC 2009.18.18.[11] | A stingray. | |||
| Gymnura | G. sp. | A tooth (BCGM 9107).[11] | A butterfly ray. |  | |
| Mobula | M. cf. M. loupianensis | BCGM 9133–9142, SC 2009.18.20.[11] | |||
| Myliobatinae | Myliobatinae gen. indet. | Partial medial teeth and complete lateral teeth (BCGM 9114–9117, SC 2009.18.22).[11] | An eagle ray. | ||
| Paramobula | P. fragilis | Teeth (BCGM 9111–9113, SC 2009.18.21).[11] | |||
| Plinthicus | P. stenodon | Upper sandy unit.[4] | BCGM 9118–9121, SC 2009.18.23[11] | The oldest record of this species. | |
| Raja | Raja mccollumi | "Summerville, Dorchester County, South Carolina".[11] | Teeth.[11] | A skate also found in the Ashley Formation. | |
| R. sp. | Teeth (BCGM 9087–9089, SC 2009.18.16).[11] | A skate with teeth twice as large as those of R. mccollumi, but far less common.[11] | |||
| Rhinoptera | R. cf. R. studeri | Teeth (BCGM 9122 and 9123, SC 2009.18.24).[11] | A cownose ray. | ||
| R. sp. | Upper sandy unit.[4] | A cownose ray. |  | ||
| Rhynchobatus | R. pristinus | Teeth (BCGM 9084–9086, SC 2009.18.14).[11] | A wedgefish. | ||
Sharks
| Sharks reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Alopias | A. cf. A. vulpinus | Teeth (BCGM 9046–9048, SC 2009.18.3).[11] | A thresher shark. |  | |
| Bythaelurus | B. sp. | A fragmentary tooth (BCGM 9074).[11] | A catshark. |  | |
| Carcharias | C. cuspidatus | Teeth (BCGM 9051 and 9052).[11] | A sand shark. |  | |
| C. sp. | A posterior tooth (BCGM 9053) and a lateral tooth from a very young individual (BCGM 9054).[11] | A sand shark. | |||
| Carcharhinus | C. gibbesi | BCGM 9056–9062, SC 2009.18.6.[11] | The most abundant non-batoid elasmobranch in the Chandler Bridge sample.[11] |  | |
| C. leucas | Upper sandy unit.[4] | The bull shark. |  | ||
| Carcharocles | C. angustidens | Upper sandy unit.[4] | Teeth.[23] | Reassigned to the genus Otodus. | |
| C. sp. | Teeth (BCGM 9055, SC 2009.18.5).[11] | Reassigned to the genus Otodus. | |||
| Cetorhinus | ?C. parvus | Scales (BCGM 9049 and 9050, SC 2009.18.4).[11] | A basking shark. | ||
| Galeocerdo | G. 'casei' | Upper sandy unit.[4] | |||
| Galeorhinus | G. sp. | Teeth (BCGM 9080–9083, SC 2009.18.13).[11] | A houndshark. |  | |
| Hemipristis | H. serra | Teeth (BCGM 9071–9073, SC 2009.18.10).[11] | A weasel shark. |  | |
| Nebrius | N. cf. N. serra | A tooth (SC 2009.18.1).[11] | A nurse shark. | ||
| Otodus | O. angustidens | Upper sandy unit.[4] | Teeth.[23] | Assemblages dominated by teeth of juveniles and neonates, with few adults present, suggesting a nursery area for the species.[23] |  |
| O. sp. | Teeth (BCGM 9055, SC 2009.18.5).[11] | A megatooth shark. | |||
| Physogaleus | P. aduncus | Teeth (BCGM 9063–9066, SC 2009.18.7).[11] | A ground shark. | ||
| P. contortus | Upper sandy unit.[4] | A ground shark. | |||
| P. sp. | Broken and/or abraded teeth (BCGM 9067 and 9068, SC 2009.18.8).[11] | A ground shark. | |||
| Rhincodon | R. cf. R. typus | Teeth (BCGM 9044 and 9045, SC 2009.18.2).[11] | The oldest fossil record of the whale shark. | _with_open_mouth_in_La_Paz,_Mexico.jpg) | |
| Rhizoprionodon | R. sp. | Small, imperfectly preserved teeth (BCGM 9069 and 9070, SC 2009.18.9).[11] | A sharpnose shark. |  | |
| Sphyrna | S. cf. S. media | BCGM 9075–9077, SC 2009.18.11.[11] | A hammerhead shark. |  | |
| S. zygaena | BCGM 9078 and 9079, SC 2009.18.12.[11] | The more common of the two hammerhead shark species found in the formation.[11] |  | ||
| Squatina | S. cf. S. angeloides | BCGM 9042 and 9043.[11] | An angelshark. | ||
See also
References
- ↑ Chandler Bridge Formation at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Albright et al., 2019, p.84
- ↑ J., Ray, Clayton Edward. Emry, Robert (2002). Cenozoic mammals of land and sea: tributes to the career of Clayton E. Ray. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 179–183. OCLC 1035595001.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 McCuen, William; Ishimori, Aika; Boessenecker, Robert (2020-07-13). "A New Specimen of Xiphiorhynchus sp. cf. aegyptiacus (Istiophoriformes, Xiphioidei, Xiphiidae) and Billfish Diversity in the Oligocene of South Carolina". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 8: 98–104. doi:10.18435/vamp29367. ISSN 2292-1389. S2CID 225527250.
- ↑ Boessenecker, Robert W.; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2018-09-28). "New records of the archaic dolphin Agorophius (Mammalia: Cetacea) from the upper Oligocene Chandler Bridge Formation of South Carolina, USA". PeerJ. 6: e5290. doi:10.7287/peerj.5290v0.1/reviews/2. PMC 6166619. PMID 30280011.
- ↑ Boessenecker, Robert W.; Churchill, Morgan; Buchholtz, Emily A.; Beatty, Brian L.; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2020-08-17). "Convergent Evolution of Swimming Adaptations in Modern Whales Revealed by a Large Macrophagous Dolphin from the Oligocene of South Carolina". Current Biology. 30 (16): 3267–3273.e2. Bibcode:2020CBio...30E3267B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.012. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 32649912. S2CID 220435400.
- 1 2 3 4 Boessenecker, Robert.W; Beatty, Brian.L.; Geiser, Johnathan.H. (April 2023). "New specimens and species of the Oligocene toothed baleen whale Coronodon from South Carolina and the origin of Neoceti". PeerJ. 11 e14795. Bibcode:2023PeerJ..1114795B. doi:10.7717/peerj.14795.
- ↑ Geisler, Jonathan H.; Colbert, Matthew W.; Carew, James L. (April 2014). "A new fossil species supports an early origin for toothed whale echolocation". Nature. 508 (7496): 383–386. Bibcode:2014Natur.508..383G. doi:10.1038/nature13086. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 24670659. S2CID 4457391.
- 1 2 Churchill, Morgan; Martinez-Caceres, Manuel; de Muizon, Christian; Mnieckowski, Jessica; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2016-08-22). "The Origin of High-Frequency Hearing in Whales". Current Biology. 26 (16): 2144–2149. Bibcode:2016CBio...26.2144C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.004. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 27498568. S2CID 3944589.
- 1 2 Sanders, A. E.; Barnes, L. G. (2002-09-14). "Paleontology of the late Oligocene Ashley and Chandler Bridge Formations of South Carolina, 3: Eomysticetidae, a new family of primitive mysticetes". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 93: 313–356.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 "Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica". www.app.pan.pl. Retrieved 2022-09-06.
- ↑ Domning, Daryl P. (1997-06-19). "Fossil Sirenia of the west Atlantic and Caribbean region. VI. Crenatosiren olseni (Reinhart, 1976)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (2): 397–412. Bibcode:1997JVPal..17..397D. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10010984. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ↑ VÉLEZ-JUARBE, JORGE; DOMNING, DARYL P. (2014). "Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean Region. Ix. Metaxytherium Albifontanum, Sp. Nov". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (2): 444–464. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..444V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.799072. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 24523238. S2CID 86498351.
- ↑ Vélez-Juarbe, Jorge; Domning, Daryl P. (2014-06-07). "Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region: X. Priscosiren atlantica, gen. et sp. nov". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (4): 951–964. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..951V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.815192. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 85297028.
- ↑ Domning, Daryl P.; Beatty, Brian L. (October 2019). "Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean Region. XII. Stegosiren macei, gen. et sp. nov". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (3) e1650369. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E0369D. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1650369. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 203407242.
- 1 2 Olsen, Storrs L. (1985). Avian Biology, Vol. Vlll: Chapter 2 - THE FOSSIL RECORD OF BIRDS - Smithsonian Institution (PDF). Academic Press. pp. 79–252. ISBN 0-12-249408-3.
- ↑ Ksepka, Daniel T. (2014-07-22). "Flight performance of the largest volant bird". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (29): 10624–10629. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11110624K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320297111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4115518. PMID 25002475.
- ↑ Paolo, Piras. Phylogenetic position of the crocodylian megadontosuchus arduini and tomistomine palaeobiogeography. OCLC 631972719.
- 1 2 3 Weems, Robert E.; Sanders, Albert E. (January 2014). "Oligocene pancheloniid sea turtles from the vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 80–99. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34...80W. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.792826. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 128543145.
- ↑ Palaeontology), Gaffney Turtle Symposium (2009 : Royal Tyrrell Museum of (2013). Morphology and evolution of turtles: proceedings of the Gaffney Turtle Symposium (2009) in honor of Eugene S. Gaffney. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-4308-3. OCLC 1107732024.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - 1 2 3 4 5 Fallon, Bailey; Boessenecker, Robert (2020). "Multispecies leatherback assemblage from the Chandler Bridge and Ashley formations (Oligocene) of South Carolina, USA". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65. doi:10.4202/app.00740.2020. ISSN 0567-7920. S2CID 229663826.
- 1 2 3 Monsch, Kenneth A.; Fierstine, Harry L.; Weems, Robert E. (2005-06-27). "Taxonomic revision and stratigraphic provenance of '†Histiophorus rotundus' Woodward 1901 (Teleostei, Perciformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (2): 274–279. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0274:traspo]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 131173294.
- 1 2 3 Miller, A. E.; Gibson, M. L.; Boessenecker, R. W. (2021). "A megatoothed shark (Carcharocles angustidens) nursery in the Oligocene Charleston Embayment, South Carolina, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica. 24 (2): Article number 24.2.a19. doi:10.26879/1148.
Bibliography
- Albright, L.B.; Sanders, A.E.; Weems, R.E.; Cicimurri, D.J.; Knight, J.L. (2019), "Cenozoic vertebrate biostratigraphy of South Carolina, U.S.A. and additions to the fauna", Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 57 (2): 77–236, doi:10.58782/flmnh.qqgg4577, retrieved 2020-03-27