Chemurchek culture

Anthropomorphic standing stones were erected next to the tombs, on their eastern side.^[7][14] Their faces are flattened with a straight nose and globular eyes. They appear to be naked as pectoral muscles seem to be depicted.^[15] They far predate and are very different from Turkic balbal statues found in the same general area but dated to the 7th to 10th centuries CE.^[16] They are highly similar to Western European anthropomorphic stelae, suggesting the transfer of cultural characteristics through migration.^[17] A more developed tradition of anthropomorphic stelae existed in the contemporary Okunev culture to the north, in the Minusinsk basin (c. 2550/2500 – c. 1900/1700 BCE).^[18]

Artifacts such as stone bowls, bone tools, ceramics (grey wares with sophisticated patterns of incised decoration), and metal jewelry have been recovered from the tombs.^[7] Bronze artifacts have also been found.^[19] Bronze tools include knives, awls, spearheads and arrowheads. Bronze was cast in open or composite stone molds, and seems to have been a focus of economic production.^[12]

Dental analysis has shown that the Chemurchek culture consumed ruminant dairy products.^[7]

The people of the Chemurchek culture were apparently descendants of Afanasievo populations intermixed with local populations.^[1] Their genetic profile shows a contribution of about 50% from the Afanasievans, combined with about 30% of Ancient North Eurasian (an ancient Siberian substrate represented by the Tarim mummies of sample Tarim_EMBA1), and small proportions of Ancient Northeast Asian (Baikal_EBA) and BMAC (Geoksyur_EN).^[13]

In the Altai Mountains and to the southeast, Afanasievans seem to have coexisted with the early period of the Chemurchek culture for some time, as some of their burials are contemporary and some of the artifacts of the burials coincide.^[20] The Chemurchek culture had various characteristics of West European origin.^[21]

Another Chemurcheck burial site was discovered in Yagshiin khuduu in Bulgan soum, Khovd aimag, which contained "the oldest kurgan stelae" discovered in Mongolia, dated to c. 2500–2000 BCE.^[22]

Archaeologist Alexey Kovalev has remarked on the similarities between the material and tomb cultures of the Chemurcheks and those of Southern France, leading him to suggest a migratory origin for the Chemurchek culture from Western Europe and more specifically southern France.^[24]

The Chemurchek statues have a lot in common with southern France statues of the late 4th millennium such as "La Dame de Saint-Sernin" or the "Statue-menhir de Maison-Aube".^[25] Kovalev further suggests that the Chemurchek culture may be associated with Proto-Tokharians, who must have migrated to the east around this period, and whose Western Indo-European language is closest to proto-Germanic and proto-Italian, corresponding to the broad geographical area encompassing southern France. The language of the Chemurchek/Proto-Tocharians may have originated from the same general location in Western Europe, as did their burial and statuary styles.^[26][17] According to Alexey Kovalev:

Taken together, the architecture of burial constructions, the tradition of collective burials in crypts, the form and ornamentation of vessels, the style of stone statues, the paintings on walls of burialchambers, the slate plaques and images of importantdeities reveal a strong analogy with materials of the Middle-Final Neolithic period of Western Europe. The complex of specific attributes that appeared in Dzhungaria from c. 2700–2600 BCE is very close to those found at Final Neolithic sites in southern France, the Jura Mountains, and western Switzerland c. 3200–2600 BCE. The transfer of such a complex set of cultural traditions such a great distance seems impossible without the migration of ancient people.

In particular, regarding the architecture of the tombs: "the unique architectural technique of constructing perimeter embankments lined with stone facades was used before the appearance of the Chemurchek monuments only during the construction of megalithic tombs of France and the British Isles".^[30] Three main types of Chemurchek tombs are recorded: the Alkabek, Bulgan and Kermuqi types.^[31]

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  Chemurchek funerary and ritual structures
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  Chemurchek barrow with statue-menhir (Yagshiin khodoo 3), "Bulgan type" mound.^[32]
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  Chemurchek burials, carbon dates
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  Funerary statue from Chemurchek cemetery (Burial mound M2). Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Museum.^[33][34]
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  Chemurchek sanctuary Hulagash (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Mongolia) Burial, c. 2500 BCE
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  Chemurchek sanctuary Hulagash (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Mongolia) Burial, forensic reconstruction of the skull, c. 2500 BCE
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  Hypothesized horse transport technology in use during the Chemurchek culture period.^[35]
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  Stone pot with two mouths, 4200–3900 BCE, Chemurcheck cemetery, Altay City.
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  Stone ware, Yagshiin khuduu in Bulgan soum, Khovd aimag. National Museum of Mongolia
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  Bronze earring, Yagshiin khuduu in Bulgan soum, Khovd aimag. National Museum of Mongolia
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  Stone fence and burial of Khemtseg culture, Avyn Khukh Uul, Bulgan, Khovd, Mongolia
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  Stone fence and burial of Khemtseg culture, Avyn Khukh Uul, Bulgan, Khovd, Mongolia
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  Chronological table of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Mongolia.^[9]