Chiang Saen Principality
Vassal state of the Nyaungyan dynasty and Konbaung dynasty,
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The Chiang Saen Principality (Thai: นครรัฐเชียงแสน; Chinese: 景線[1]) was a vassal state of the Nyaungyan dynasty and Konbaung dynasty, which divided from Lanna to serve as the administrative center of the upper Lanna region.[2] Later got annexed into Siam's vassal state: Kingdom of Chiang Mai and Nan Principality.
Part of Chiang Mai (1628–1632)
De facto independent (1662–1672, 1752–1757)
Tributary of Konbaung (1757–1804)
Tusi of Qing (1766–1767)
Chiang Saen Principality | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1614–1804 | |||||||||||
| Status | Tributary of Toungoo (1614–1628, 1632–1662, 1672–1752) Part of Chiang Mai (1628–1632) De facto independent (1662–1672, 1752–1757) Tributary of Konbaung (1757–1804) Tusi of Qing (1766–1767) | ||||||||||
| Capital | Chiang Saen | ||||||||||
| Official languages | |||||||||||
Spoken languages | Northern Thai, Burmese | ||||||||||
| Religion | Theravada Buddhism | ||||||||||
| Government | Mandala kingdom | ||||||||||
| Saopha | |||||||||||
| Historical era | Post-classical era, early modern era | ||||||||||
| 1614 | |||||||||||
• Thipphanet rule Lanna | 1632 | ||||||||||
• Sanay Min divided Chiang Saen from Chiang Mai | 1704 | ||||||||||
• Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805) (Chiang Saen got destroyed) | 1804 | ||||||||||
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| Today part of | |||||||||||
History
Chiang Saen got divided from Lanna after Anaukpetlun captured Chiang Mai in 1614-1615. Phaya Chaban, ruler of Chiang Saen, gives elephants and pledges allegiance to him. Thus, Anaukpetlun appointed him as Chaopha Kaphueak, and Chiang Saen came under direct control from the Bago royal court. Chiang Saen came back to be part of Chiang Mai after Pholsuek Say Chaiyasongkhram proclaimed its independence from Burmese rule and captured Thipphanet. In 1632 Thalun suppressed Chiang Mai and restored Thipphanet as ruler of Chiang Saen and gave him authority to govern all Lanna cities except Chiang Mai.[2]
The conflict between Burma, the Southern Ming and the Qing dynasty[3] makes Chiang Saen, under the rule of Saenmueang, get invaded by the Ayutthaya Kingdom and the Haw[4][5] in the Burmese–Siamese War. The people of Chiang Saen had to abandon the city and break from Ava before the Burmese's control came back in 1673. Minye Kyawhtin sent a Bohmu, Fa Sang Kung, to govern the city. Fa Sang Kung then appointed Myowun. This marked the beginning of the governance of Chiang Saen by the Myowun alongside the Chaopha. In 1704, the Myowun of Chiang Saen got captured and executed by the order of the ruler of Chiang Mai. In the same year, Sanay Min came to reside in Chiang Saen and placed Chiang Saen under the direct control of Ava, on par with Chiang Mai again.[2]
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In 1727, Thepsingh rebelled against Burma and captured Chiang Mai, leading to political instability in the Lanna region. Chiang Saen became the political center of Burma in the region and a target for attacks from other cities that opposed Burma.[7] In 1752, the Toungoo dynasty collapsed, and Chiang Saen got brief independence and got invaded from Chiang Mai, Luang Phrabang and Lamphun[2] until it became Burma's vassal again when the Konbaung dynasty consolidated power in 1752. The new dynasty's expansion made Shan rulers ask for help from the Qing dynasty, which led to the Sino-Burmese War. The Chinese army successfully captured Chiang Khaeng and Kengtung State in 1766. Na Sai, the ruler of Chiang Saen, pledged allegiance to the Qing and got appointed as Tusi. However, Chiang Saen came back under the Burmese rule in the next year.[8][4]
Siamese conquest of Lan Na ended Burmese influence in lower Lanna. Chiang Saen became the sole administrative center and base of Burma in its wars against Siam until it was conquered by the combined forces of Siam, Chiang Mai, Lampang, Nan and Vientiane in the Burmese–Siamese War, the city of Chiang Saen got destroyed, and its administrative towns were annexed to Chiang Mai and Nan.[7] Na Khaw, the last ruler of Chiang Saen, got captured.
List of rulers of Chiang Saen
| Name | Reign from | Reign untill | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kaphueak (male) | 1614 | 1619 | Previously a governor of Chiang Saen[9] |
| Kaphueak (female) | 1619 | 1628 | A wife of previous ruler[9] |
| Thipphanet | 1628 | 1628 | (1st regin) Previously a noble of Chiang Saen[9] |
| Pholsuek Say Chaiyasongkhram declared independence from Burma. Thipphanet got captured to Chiang Mai. Chiang Sean under Chiang Mai's control, 1628 | |||
| Sri Songmueang Wichaiprakarn | 1628 | 1632 | Previously a governor of Lampang[9] |
| Thalun captured Chiang Mai, It became Burma's tributary state again. 1632 | |||
| Thipphanet | 1632 | 1650 | (2nd reign)[9] |
| Muakkham | 1650 | 1655 | A son of Thipphanet[9] |
| Saenmueang | 1655 | 1662 | A son of Muakkham[9] |
| Saenmueang break his service to Ava. Chiang Saen became de facto independence, 1662 | |||
| Saenmueang | 1662 | 1672 | |
| Minye Kyawhtin sent a general to control Chaing Saen. It became Burmese's tributary state again, 1672 | |||
| Inmueang | 1672 | 1678 | A son of Saenmueang[9] |
| Chalermmueang | 1678 | 1692 | A son of Inmueang[9] |
| Mueangluang | 1692 | 1935 | Got apponted by a Bohmu, Fa Sang Kung[9] |
| Nohmuang | 1935 | 1700 | A son of Chalermmueang[9] |
| Lomsane | 1700 | 1711 | A younger brother of Nohmueang[9] |
| Lakthi | 1711 | 9 September 1724 | A son of Lomsane[9] |
| Yotngammueang | 1724 | 1728 | A son of Lakthi[9] |
| Harn | 1728 | 16 April 1741 | Come from Mueang Pong[9] |
| Ngarm | 1741 | 1752 | A son of Yotngammueang[9] |
| Toungoo dynasty collasped. Chiang Saen became independence, 1752 | |||
| Ngarm | 1752 | 1757 | |
| Konbaung dynasty can consolidate power. Chiang Saen came back under Burma's control, 1757 | |||
| Ngarm | 1757 | 7 January 1761 | |
| Vacant, 1761 | |||
| Khampio | 1761 | 1766 | A son of Harn |
| Vacant, 1766–1767 | |||
| Na Sai acting governor of Chiang Saen pledged allegiance to the Qing dynasty between Sino-Burmese War, November 1766 | |||
| Burmese forces control Chiang Saen. It came back under Burmese's control again, 1767 | |||
| Na Khwa | 1767 | 17 May 1804 | A grandson of Ngarm |
| Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805), Chiang Saen got destroyed, 1804 | |||