Collegium (ministry)
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The Collegium (Russian: Коллегии, lit. 'joined by law') was a type of government department in Imperial Russia. It was established in 1717 by Peter the Great to replace the system of Prikaz.[1] They were housed in the Twelve Collegia building in Vasilyevsky Island, Saint Petersburg. In 1802, the Collegium was incorporated into and gradually replaced by the newly created system of Ministries.
Following the formation of the Governing Senate in 1711, the Tsar Peter I sought to make more reforms on the imperial government bodies. He planned to replace the Prikaz with a new type of government agency, based on two new principles:
- Systematic separation of departments, in order to avoid overlapping/omission of certain governmental duties under the Prikaz system;
- Advisory procedure for resolving cases.
Similar form of central government institutions were adopted in Sweden and a number of German states. In 1717, Collegium was introduced based on the Swedish Kollegium.[1]
History
- 1717 - Establishment of the 8 following Collegiums: Collegium of Foreign Affairs, College of War, Collegium of State Income, Collegium of Justice, Collegium of Commerce, Collegium of State Expenses, Collegium of Mining and Manufacturing, and Collegium of Accounting.
- 1718 - Establishment of the Admiralty Board, as well as a special collegium to administer the newly acquired territories along the Baltic Sea.[2]
- 1720 - Publication of the General Regulations (Russian: Генеральный регламент), which, among other things, made the following changes:
- 1721 - Establishment of the Collegium of Estates.
- 1722 - Division of Collegium of Mining and Manufacturing into the Collegium of Mining and the Collegium of Manufacturing.
- 1726 - Establishment of the Collegium of Economics (Russian: Коллегия экономии).[5]
- 1763 - Establishment of the Collgium of Medicine (Russian: Медицинская коллегия).[1]
- 1780s - As a result of the local government reform carried out by Catherine the Great, the number of collegiums was sharply reduced, and their functions were transferred to provincial institutions.
- 1802 - Passage of the Manifesto on the Establishment of Ministries by Alexander I of Russia, which incorporated the collegiums into newly created ministries.
Regulations
The activities of the collegiums were determined by the General Regulations, which was approved by Peter I on February 28 (March 10 on Gregorian calendar), 1720.
The General Regulations instituted a set of office administration rules for the collegium. Each collegium was to be consisted of advisers and assessors, and headed by presidents and vice-presidents. The decisions of the collegium need to be debated on, received majority approval, and signed by all members present.[1] Peter I paid special attention to this form of decision-making, noting that “every better arrangement happens through councils” (Chapter 2 of the General Regulations “On the advantage of colleges”).[6]