Conquest of Abundance contains two sections. The first includes the unfinished manuscript while the second section republishes essays on themes related to the manuscript. The primary thesis of the manuscript is that the universe that surrounds us, which he calls ‘Being’, is more abundant than we usually admit.[3] By this, Feyerabend means that there are many more entities that populate various domains than are admitted into most scientific theories. Scientific theories use abstraction to simplify the phenomena which thereby reduce their empirical content.[4] Experiments in laboratories often create objects that omit many features that they possess outside of the lab.[4] Feyerabend's thesis is not just limited to science, as he uses examples from art history – specifically Brunelleschi's invention of perspective – to substantiate this position.[5]
We must reduce the abundance of Being in order to live our lives, but—Feyerabend argues—this can be done in multiple ways. He thus defends a kind of ontological pluralism.[6] In other words, Being is pliable enough to allow for many realities (but not all, as it offers resistance to some). The consequences of a given worldview or set of stories about reality are "not grounded in an 'objective' nature but come from a complicated interplay between an unknown and relatively pliable material and the researchers who affect and are affected and changed by the material [...] The 'subjective' side of knowledge, being inextricably intertwined with its material manifestations, cannot be just blown away. Far from merely stating what is already there, it creates conditions of existence, a world corresponding to these conditions and a life that is adapted to this world; all three support or 'establish' the conjectures that let to them."[7]
Because of the diversity of possible realities, choice plays an important role in what theories we accept. This leads Feyerabend to criticize those who impose their own view of what is real and desirable, regardless of the views and wishes of others. "Entire communities are displaced, their ways of life destroyed [...] they are unhappy, they protest, even revolt-- but this does not count. It is not as 'real' as the fact projected by an 'objective' economic science. [...] I suggest that we argue from the 'subjective', 'irrational', idiosyncratic kind of life we are in sympathy with, to what is to be regarded as real.[...this] is not motivated by a contempt for science but by the wish to subject it-- this product of relatively free agents-- to the judgement of other free agents, instead of being frightened by a petrified version of it."[8] Here Feyerabend defends what he calls ‘Aristotle's principle’, which states that what counts as real depends on what kind of life we want to live,[9] i.e., we can choose to live in a world that makes sense to us.
The open, changeable and ambiguous nature of Being is an empowering aspect of Conquest of Abundance. "...there is good sense in saying that every culture can in principle be any culture [...] scientific nature, too, is partly comprehensible, partly nonsensical; it can be extended, changed, supplemented with new ideas, habits, pieces of culture thus bringing to light others and perhaps more gentle aspects of Nature and, with that, of ourselves. Here progressive artists can play an important role. Rationalists -- and that includes many scientists and philosophers-- like to nail things down. They are confused by change and cannot tolerate ambiguity. But poets, painters, musicians cherish ambiguous words, puzzling designs, nonsensical movements, all instruments which are needed to dissolve the apparently so rigid and objective nature of scientists, to replace it by useful and changing appearances or artifacts and in this way to give us a feeling for the enormous and largely unfathomable powers that surround us."
