Cyanoramphus
Genus of birds
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cyanoramphus is a genus of parakeets native to New Zealand and islands of the southern Pacific Ocean. The New Zealand species are locally called kākāriki. They are small to medium-sized parakeets with long tails and predominantly green plumage. Most species are forest dwellers, although several of the subantarctic species live in open grassland. The genus formerly had a widely disjunct distribution; while most of the genus ranged from New Caledonia to Macquarie Island, two species were found in the Society Islands, 4,100 km (2,500 mi) away from the rest.[1]
| Cyanoramphus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Psittaciformes |
| Family: | Psittaculidae |
| Tribe: | Platycercini |
| Genus: | Cyanoramphus Bonaparte, 1854 |
| Species | |
|
Cyanoramphus auriceps | |
Like many other species of birds, the Cyanoramphus parakeets have suffered from changes brought about by humans. The two species from the Society Islands, the black-fronted parakeet and the Society parakeet, are now extinct, as are the taxa from Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island, and an undescribed Campbell Island form. One species, Malherbe's parakeet (C. malherbi), is critically endangered, while most other species are endangered or vulnerable. Habitat loss and introduced species are considered responsible for the declines and extinctions.[2]
The genus Cyanoramphus was introduced in 1854 by French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte.[3] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek kuanos meaning "dark-blue" and rhamphos meaning "bill".[4] The type species was designated by English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1855 as what is now the extinct black-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus zealandicus).[5][6]
Species
Of the 11 recognised species, three are extinct:[7]
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Caledonian parakeet
|
Cyanoramphus saisseti Verreaux & Des Murs, 1860 |
New Caledonia | Size: 26 cm (10.2 in)[8] Habitat: Montane forests[8] Diet: Casuarina and Carica papaya fruits and seeds, and other plants[8] |
NE
|
| Chatham Islands parakeet
|
Cyanoramphus forbesi Rothschild, 1893 |
Restricted to Mangere Island and Little Mangere Island in the Chatham Islands group, New Zealand[9][10][11] | Size: 23–26 cm (9.1–10.2 in)[9][12] Habitat: Forest and shrubland, especially dense and unbroken.[13] Prefers Nothofagus-Podocarpus forest[12] Diet: Varies seasonally: in spring (Oct–Nov), predominantly invertebrates, flowers, and seeds; in autumn (Mar–May), includes more leaves and seeds[9] |
VU
|
| Norfolk parakeet
|
Cyanoramphus cookii Gray, 1859 |
Norfolk Island, Australia | Size: 30 cm (12 in)[14] Habitat: Forest[14] Diet: Mostly seeds and blossoms, with fruits and leaf shoots[15] |
EN
|
| Antipodes parakeet
|
Cyanoramphus unicolor (Lear, 1831) |
Antipodes Islands, New Zealand | Size: 30 cm (11.8 in)[16] Habitat: Tall and dense Poa litorosa grasslands, especially on slopes and near water. Also around Carex sedge, prickly fern, and Coprosma antipoda scrub[17] Diet: Leaves of Poa and Carex, seeds, berries, flowers, carrion of penguins and small petrels, seabird eggs[16][17] |
VU
|
| Yellow-crowned parakeet
|
Cyanoramphus auriceps (Kuhl, 1820) |
New Zealand and its offshore islands, and Auckland Island[19] | Size: 23 cm (9.1 in)[19] Habitat: Lush Nothofagus-Podocarpus mountain forest at up to 1250 m (4100 ft)[19] Diet: Seeds, berries, buds, shoots, roots, and invertebrates including Ultracoelostoma assimile scale insects and Heliostibes vibratrix caterpillars[19][20] |
NT
|
| Malherbe's parakeet or orange-fronted parakeet
|
Cyanoramphus malherbi Souancé, 1857 |
Restricted to three valleys on New Zealand's South Island and offshore island sanctuaries[10][11][22][23] | Size: 20 cm (7.9 in)[22] Habitat: Beech forest necessarily providing mature trees with natural cavities[24] Diet: Seeds, berries, flowers, buds, leaves, and invertebrates, including scale insects, caterpillars, and aphids[22][23] |
CR
|
| Red-crowned parakeet
|
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Sparrman, 1787) |
New Zealand[note 1] | Size: 25–27 cm (9.8–10.6 in)[25][26] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, varying across range and between subspecies[27] Diet: Greatly varies seasonally: buds and blossoms in spring, fruit in summer, seeds in autumn, seeds and fruit in winter.[25] Also nectar, invertebrates, honeydew, seaweed, and small limpets.[26] |
LC
|
| Reischek's parakeet
|
Cyanoramphus hochstetteri (Reischek, 1889) |
Antipodes Islands, New Zealand[11][28] | Size: 28 cm (11 in)[29] Habitat: Low vegetation in more open areas around range[29] Diet: Leaves, flowers, berries, seeds, and invertebrates. Occasionally scavenges from dead seabirds[29] |
NE
|
| † Lord Howe parakeet
|
Cyanoramphus subflavescens Salvadori, 1891 |
Lord Howe Island, Australia | Size: 25.5 cm (10 in)[30] Habitat: Unknown Diet: Unknown |
EX
|
| † Black-fronted parakeet
|
Cyanoramphus zealandicus (Latham, 1790) |
Tahiti, French Polynesia | Size: 25 cm (9.8 in)[31] Habitat: Presumed forest, specifically subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest[31][32] Diet: Unknown |
EX
|
| † Raiatea parakeet
|
Cyanoramphus ulietanus (J. F. Gmelin, 1788) |
Raiatea, French Polynesia[note 2] | Size: 25 cm (9.8 in)[34] Habitat: Presumed forest, specifically subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest[33] Diet: Unknown |
EX
|
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Also, subfossil remains have been found from a yet undescribed extinct species from Campbell Island, New Zealand.[35]
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| Phylogeny of Cyanoramphus |
