Danièle Bourcier

Her doctoral thesis in public law, after she obtains a scholarship for Stanford University (USA) describes the first application of artificial intelligence in the legal decision. She uses other models (theory of argumentation, Neurolaw, complex systems, graph theory) to explore the cognitive aspects of legal phenomena, modeling of legal knowledge, and socio-legal impacts of digitization of law.

Her work in legal language took place at the Conseil d’Etat in the Legal Informatics Centre, founded by Lucien Mehl (State Councillor) who was also one of the first juricyberneticians.^[2] From 1982 to 1994, she headed the laboratory of the CNRS No. 430 Computers Legal Linguistics at the State Council.

She was a visiting professor at Netherlands^[3] (Netherland Institute for Advanced Studies), in Sweden,^[4] (Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study) in Austria (Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen), and Wissenschaftzentrum Zu Berlin, WZB (2008).

In these different Advanced Studies Institutes, she develops theory on e-government and computational ethics.

Her research is currently focusing on the Open Science, Open Data, protection of personal data and the evolution of copyright in the digital age. She gave a lot of lectures on "Legal Robots and Artificial intelligence".

She launched in 2004 the French Creative Commons licences : she is currently the scientific lead of the French Chapter Creativecommons.fr in charge of the scientific aspects of the CC licences.^[5]

She gives lectures on Cybercrime (Master 2 Criminal Law and Criminal Policy in Europe, University Paris 1^[6]) and on e-government (Master 2 Public Policy and Administration, University Paris 2^[7]). She also taught at the University Paris X (Master 2 Theory of Law) at ENSTA, Sciences Po, and the National School of Administration (ENA).

Interested in mechanisms and unexpected effects of discoveries in science and particularly in Law and political Science, she published (with Pek van Andel) at Hermann, Paris: From Serendipity in Science, Technology, the Art and law (2nd edition). She was co-organizing, in July 2009, an interdisciplinary symposium in the Center of Congres “Chateau de Cerisy la Salle”^[8] in Normandy, leading to the publishing of the collective work La Sérendipité, un hasard heureux^[9], at Hermann publisher.

The work she has done with Pek van Andel on serendipity led to the spread of the notion and the phenomenon of serendipity in the Francophonie world: the word sérendipité (in French) was elected the word of the 2011 Year^[10] by a scientific newspaper and entered the French usual word book in 2012.^[11]

She was appointed in various international and national expertise: UNESCO (updating Recommendation 1974 for scientific researchers), European Commission and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF); Focus Group RTD-L.3; OECD (Group Genomics and Informatics-Privacy and Security Issues); the Dutch Royal Academy of Sciences (Legal Education and Technology) and Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). Recently (April 2016) she was invited as expert in artificial decision & Robot at UN Geneva (Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, CCW).^[12]

She also works on the theory of complex systems applied to law, and the neuroconnexionnist networks. She conducts linguistic research on the legal language and argumentation, and finally the writing the law. This research led her to develop methods in legislative drafting in which she studied the development of new forms of coordination to agree on norms.^[13] Her study on digital communities in Europe have allowed her to explore the governance of commons. The research on Commons rooted in his implication in Creative Commons project.

• State Doctorate in Public Law (Special Award CNRS and City of Orléans)
• MA in Political Science
• MA in Linguistics
• Degree in Modern Literature

• Member of the Commission of Reflection on the Ethics of Research in Science and Technology (CERNA) since 2012
• Member of the French Ethics Committee of sciences, CNRS (COMETS) (2011-2016)^[14]
• Co-founder and lead of Creative Commons France since 2004
• Head of Multidisciplinary Thematic Network "Law & Information Systems" at the CNRS (STIC department) since October 2002
• deputy Director then Director of the Research Institute “Informatics Law Linguistic”s UA 962 CNRS-Council of State (1985-1997)
• Vice-president of the French Association of System Science (AFSCET) since 2008
• Founder and director of the new University Studies Diploma (DEUST): Law, Computer and Information Systems, University Paris I, Panthéon Sorbonne (1988-1995)
• Member of the scientific advisory board of the Law and Governance Technologies Series, Springer
• Member of the editorial board of the journal Law, Risk & Probability, Oxford University Press;
• Member of the journal Artificial Intelligence and Law, Springer.
• Member of the editorial board of the European Journal of Law and Information Technology
• Editorial Board of Res Systemica and of the journal Really Sustainable (Biodiversity and Ecology)
• Founding member of the international think tank: Substantive Technology in the Law school (SUBTECH)

• Le Tour du monde de la sérendipité en 80 récits, avec P. van Andel, Paris, Tredaniel, 2016
• Open data & Big data, (D. Bourcier & P. de Filippi eds), Paris, Mare & Martin, 2016.
• De la sérendipité dans la science, la technique, l'art et le droit, avec Pek Van Andel, Paris, Hermann, 2^e édition, 2013, 323 p.
• La société en action. Une méthode pour la démocratie, avec Gilles Hériard Dubreuil, Sylvain Lavelle, Paris, Hermann, 2013, 231 p.
• Politiques publiques et systèmes complexes, (ed.) avec P. Mazzega et R. Boulet, Paris, Hermann, 2012
• La sérendipité, le hasard heureux, (ed.) avec Pek van Andel, Paris, Hermann, 2011
• Trends in Legal Knowledge, (ed.) avec Casanovas P., Noriega P., Galindo F., Florence, European Press Academic Publishing, 2007, 306 p.
• I-commons at the digital age ou la création en partage (ed.) avec M. Dulong de Rosnay, Romillat, Paris 2004
• Intelligencia artificial y derecho, Editorial UOC, Barcelelona, 2003, 199 p.
• Intelligence artificielle appliquée au droit, Editorial UOC, Barcelona,1999
• Legal Knowledge and Informations Systems, (ed.) JURIX 2003, 187 p.
• Technology and legal Practice, Symposium Issue, (ed.) avec H. Burstyn, P. Hassett, C. Roquilly, Syracuse Law Review, v.52, n.4, 2002
• La loi l'écriture - revue Passages d'encre, juin 2001
• Informatique et droit (en français et en russe), (ed.) avec R. Strongin, V. Fluhr, V. Gergel, Presses universitaires de Nijni, Novgorod, 2000, 212 p.
• Savoir innover en droit, (ed.) avec Louise Cadoux, Hommage à Lucien Mehl, La Documentation française, Paris, 1999, 346 p.
• Les paradoxes de l'expertise. Savoir et décider (en coll. avec M. de Bonis), Les Empêcheurs de penser en rond, Synthélabo, 1999, 126 p.
• Interpréter le droit: le sens, l'interprète la machine, (ed.) avec C. Thomasset, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 1996, 502 p.
• L’écriture du droit face aux technologies de l’information, (ed.) avec C. Thomasset, Paris, Diderot, 1996, 655 p.
• La décision artificielle, Les voies du droit, PUF, 1995, 237 p.
• Le droit saisi par l'ordinateur, (ed.) avec C. Thomasset et R. Côté, Montréal, Yvon Blais inc., 1993, 472 p.
• Lire le droit, langue, texte, cognition, (ed.) avec P. Mackay, L.G.D.J., "Droit et Société", 1992, 486 p.
• L'administration et les nouveaux outils d'aide à la décision, (ed.) avec Jean-Paul Costa, Les cahiers constitutionnels de Paris I, "Les grands colloques", STH, 1992, 213 p.
• Ordre juridique et ordre technologique, cahier S.T.S n^o 12, Éditions du CNRS, 1986
• Le discours juridique : analyses et méthodes, Revue Langages, Larousse, mars 1979, n^o 53